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THOMISM

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PHENOMENOLOGY

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PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

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PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and…
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Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of PhilosophyMETAPHYSICS
December 12, 2023

METAPHYSICS

Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of reality, including the nature of the world and the entities it contains. While such an investigation inevitably overlaps with natural philosophy—the sciences, especially physics…
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LogicPROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)
November 15, 2023

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTINTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS
November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

There is no substitute for grappling primary sources. Nevertheless, secondary sources—including scholarly research, literary reviews, historical summaries—are valuable tools. They not only show you how you can begin thinking about…
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Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy BranchesBIOETHICS
November 14, 2023

BIOETHICS

A branch of ethics concerned with the moral and political issues raised by medical science, and with advances in medical technology, bioethics has now become a largely autonomous area of…
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History Of PhilosophyTHE ELEATIC SCHOOL
November 15, 2023

THE ELEATIC SCHOOL

Based in the Ionian colony of Elea (modern-day Velia) in southern Italy, and primarily associated with Parmenides (early fifth century BC) and Melissus of Samos (mid fifth century BC), the…
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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGWriting PhilosophyTHE POSITION PAPER
November 19, 2023

THE POSITION PAPER

A position paper may be viewed as a type of argumentative paper in that it states a claim—your position—concerning a topic, issue, or question and presents a justification for that…
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Writing PhilosophyWHAT IS GOOD WRITING?
November 24, 2023

WHAT IS GOOD WRITING?

What is good music? What is good art? What is good writing? Such questions unleash many opinions. The branch of traditional philosophy called Aesthetics is devoted to answering such questions…
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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophySAINT AUGUSTINE
November 15, 2023

SAINT AUGUSTINE

Like his contemporaries, Saint Augustine (354–430) was primarily influenced by Neoplatonism, and, indeed, credited Plotinus with helping him to understand Christian theology.
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THE EARLY MODERN PERIODHistory Of PhilosophyTRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM
November 15, 2023

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

The philosophical system developed by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Transcendental Idealism sought to overcome the epistemological problems of Empiricism while providing a rational justification for Liberalism.
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LogicHIGHER-ORDER LOGICS
November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…
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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGWriting PhilosophyFORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
November 20, 2023

FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

The word essay comes from the French infinitive verb essayer, meaning “to try” or “to attempt.” In fact, when the word was first borrowed into the English language, as essay,…
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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?PHILOSOPHY AS METHOD
November 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY AS METHOD

Our digital age suggests a useful analogy to further explain the role of philosophy in intellectual life. Philosophy is analogous to an operating system (OS), a software platform that enables…
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Writing PhilosophyWRITING IS CENTRAL TO PHILOSOPHY
November 24, 2023

WRITING IS CENTRAL TO PHILOSOPHY

For the great majority of us, writing is instrumental to thinking. Since it is reasonable to describe philosophy as the application of disciplined thought to a variety of topics, issues,…
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THE EARLY MODERN PERIODHistory Of PhilosophyTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
November 15, 2023

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

Philosophical thought during the Enlightenment was characterized by a rejection of existing sources of authority. The broadly Aristotelean scientific worldview was undermined by a period of scientific revolution—conventionally beginning with…
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LogicNON-CLASSICAL LOGIC
November 15, 2023

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

While both the predicate calculus and the modal propositional calculus may be seen as extensions of the basic propositional calculus, there are also a variety of formal languages intended as…
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CYNICISM

Founded by Antisthenes (c. 445–360 BC), who taught the importance of individual virtue over material luxury, Cynicism was contemptuous of…
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Logic

Books

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    Only the Lover Sings: Art and Contemplation

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    Major Works: Selected Philosophical Writings (Harper Perennial Modern Thought)

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    Foucault 2.0: Beyond Power and Knowledge

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    In Praise of Shadows

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    The Agony of Eros (Untimely Meditations)

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    The Cost of Comfort (American Philosophy)

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    The Rebel

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    The Poetics of Space

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    The World as I See It (Deluxe Hardcover Book)

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    Anaximander: And the Birth of Science

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    On the Genealogy of Morals (Penguin Classics)

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    Logic: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)

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    Sad Love: Romance and the Search for Meaning

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    The Sovereignty of Good

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    Tao Te Ching (Arcturus Ornate Classics)

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Philosophy of Law: An Introduction

Philosophy of Law: An Introduction

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Philosophy of Law: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF LAW

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Philosophy of Science: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

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Aesthetics: An IntroductionAESTHETICSAtomos

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Epistemology: An IntroductionAtomosEPISTEMOLOGY

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Ethics: An IntroductionAtomosETHICS

Ethics: An Introduction

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Logic: An IntroductionAtomosLOGIC

Logic: An Introduction

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Metaphysics: An IntroductionAtomosMETAPHYSICS

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Philosophy of History: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

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Philosophy of Mind: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF MIND

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Political and Social Philosophy: An IntroductionAtomosPOLITICAL AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY

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Environmental Philosophy: An IntroductionAtomosENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY

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Existentialism and Phenomenology: An IntroductionAtomosEXISTENTIALISM AND PHENOMENOLOGY

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Feminist Philosophy: An IntroductionAtomosFEMINIST PHILOSOPHY

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Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction

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Terms & Concepts

I

Immaterialism

The view that non-material entities are real. (See also Materialism.) https://youtube.com/shorts/TiZGjFImQpQ?feature=share
S

State of nature

A hypothetical situation prior to the creation of any political organization, it is used as a framework to discuss the existence of natural rights, the benefits of political organization, and…
C

Compensatory justice

A theory of justice that requires the restoration of any loss to the person wronged. https://youtube.com/shorts/wpthWV_8OTo?feature=share
C
Cartesian
T
Thick concept
R
Relational predicate
S
Superaltern
M
Metaphysics
S
Sense-reference distinction
F
Forms
S
Semiotics
I
Implication
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