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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

SCHOLASTICISM

A general term for those philosophers influenced by the medieval rediscovery of classic texts, Scholasticism is broadly characterized by an interest in logic and disputation and is motivated to resolve…
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…
Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

WHAT IS GOOD PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING?

Writing effectively for a philosophy course does not merely start with the general principles of good writing just outlined, it sets out to show mastery of these principles. It embodies…
Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of Philosophy
December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…
Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS

The philosophy of mathematics is traditionally concerned with the ontological and epistemological foundations of mathematics. The two questions, of ontology and epistemology, are intimately related, as a satisfactory account of…
Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?

How do you do philosophy? Unlike many of the questions asked in the name of philosophy, this one has a straightforward answer. You do philosophy primarily through writing. Now, if…
Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

WHAT PHILOSOPHY PROFESSORS WANT FROM STUDENT WRITERS

Some 2,300 years ago, Aristotle introduced the syllogism into the intellectual world. A threeelement formula, it is the elementary building block of syllogistic logic and deductive reasoning. The syllogism combines…
Logic
November 15, 2023

QUANTUM LOGIC

Most non-classical logics are motivated by either philosophical considerations, such as the metaphysical status of the future, or technical concerns about the neutrality of the logical connectives or the notion…
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

EXISTENTIALISM

A broad philosophical and literary movement that flourished during the first half of the twentieth century, Existentialism emphasized the uniqueness of human experience over the generalizations of traditional scientific or…
Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…
Logic
November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…
Writing Philosophy
November 22, 2023

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

Writing is work, and for many of us, writing is hard work. Writing philosophy adds to this labor an element of intimidation. Whether you are writing an expository—explanatory and descriptive—essay…
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
November 12, 2023

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

Logic
November 15, 2023

MODAL LOGIC

A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…
Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…

Books

  • The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities (Henry L. Stimson Letures)

    $19.75
  • Selected Political Writings: On Liberty, Utilitarianism, The Subjection of Women

    $12.95
  • The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen

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  • Simply Philosophy (DK Simply)

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  • The Invention of Infinity: Essays on Husserl and the History of Philosophy: Essays on Husserl and the History of Philosophy (Contributions to Phenomenology, 124)

    $139.99
  • The Sovereignty of Good

    $20.95
  • The Prince (Hackett Classics)

    $8.00
  • Night Vision: Seeing Ourselves through Dark Moods

    $21.49
  • Profiles in Courage (Harper Perennial Modern Classics)

    $11.99
  • What Do I Know?: Essential Essays

    $24.00
  • The Problems of Philosophy

    $7.80
  • The Living Gita: The Complete Bhagavad Gita – A Commentary for Modern Readers

    $15.95
  • Cosmic Queries: StarTalk’s Guide to Who We Are, How We Got Here, and Where We’re Going

    $16.59
  • Van Til and the Limits of Reason by R. J. Rushdoony (2013-08-02)

    $10.00
  • Psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and New Technologies of Power (Futures)

    $17.53
  • In the Ruins of Neoliberalism: The Rise of Antidemocratic Politics in the West (The Wellek Library Lectures)

    $25.00
AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human Mortality

Introduction The vastness of the universe has long been a source of awe and wonder. With its endless galaxies, stars, and the possibility of unknown life, the cosmos presents us…
AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and Atheism

Abstract: This paper explores the fundamental differences in how theistic and atheistic worldviews approach key metaphysical concepts such as existence, causality, the nature of being, morality, and the origin of…
AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical Inquiry

Abstract In this paper, we explore the central Buddhist concepts of karma, rebirth, and the doctrine of non-self (anatta), arguing that these ideas present a comprehensive, coherent metaphysical system that…
AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker

Introduction In the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the world is confronted with a remarkable paradox: machines, devoid of consciousness, produce some of the most intricate and profound creations ever…
AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical Inquiry

Abstract Imagination, an integral part of human cognition, allows individuals to transcend their immediate sensory experiences and engage with abstract ideas, creativity, and possibilities beyond the present. Despite its essential…

Terms & Concepts

M

Mixed quantifiers

A first-order logic sentence that consists of at least one universal quantifier and at least one existential quantifier. https://youtube.com/shorts/JopUHl69U3U?feature=share
D

Dukkha

The Buddhist concept that expresses the “suffering” and “pain” of existence. https://youtube.com/shorts/cSABtJPIFkM?feature=share
C

Compensatory justice

A theory of justice that requires the restoration of any loss to the person wronged. https://youtube.com/shorts/wpthWV_8OTo?feature=share
R
Ren
I
Impression
E
Empirical
C
Contraposition
N
Natural law theory
M
Moral calculus
R
Reason
T
Teleological argument
E
Ethical absolutism
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