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The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

EPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including its nature and its extent, and of justification (that is, whether a belief is formed in a valid way to justify its being…

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

AESTHETICS

Aesthetics is concerned with the nature of art (whether visual, literary, dramatic, or in some other medium) and the way in which art is experienced. Two principal related issues, therefore,…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

Philosophical thought during the Enlightenment was characterized by a rejection of existing sources of authority. The broadly Aristotelean scientific worldview was undermined by a period of scientific revolution—conventionally beginning with…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 23, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

ETHICS

Ethics is the study of morality and can be divided into three main areas of inquiry. Descriptive ethics concerns the actual moral beliefs held by specific individuals or societies and…

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POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

UTILITARIANISM

The French Revolution sparked legal and political reforms across Europe, which brought with them their accompanying philosophical frameworks.

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

PYTHAGOREANISM

Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

STOICISM

Founded by Zeno of Citium (334–262 BC), early Stoicism shared many similarities with Epicureanism, including the belief that the world was largely deterministic and that the overall goal of the…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…

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Writing Philosophy

November 21, 2023

ESSENTIAL WRITING SKILLS

Having just walked through the basic process of writing a philosophy paper, we turn now to the essential skillset you should develop and apply not only to the writing of…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

QUANTUM LOGIC

Most non-classical logics are motivated by either philosophical considerations, such as the metaphysical status of the future, or technical concerns about the neutrality of the logical connectives or the notion…

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By Philosophy Student In CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY

CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

While the focus of western philosophy has primarily been on the analysis and understanding of our most basic concepts, another…

Logic

INTUITIONISM

Logic

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

Logic

RELEVANCE LOGICS

Logic

QUANTUM LOGIC

Logic

MODAL LOGIC

Logic

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

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Stoicism: How To Integrate This Powerful Philosophy To Become More Balanced, Productive, And Reach Your Full Potential
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The Dictionary of Philosophy
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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

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Analytic statement

A logically true statement, the denial of which results in a contradiction. https://youtube.com/shorts/l15sCCsCVJw?feature=share

Conversion by limitation

A two-step inference involving the subalternation from the A-proposition to its corresponding I-proposition and then converting the result. Conversion by limitation is a valid inference only for the A-proposition on…

Free-Rider Problem

A “free rider” benefits from a social arrangement without bearing the costs; for example, herides the bus without buying a ticket. Without some mechanism to disincentivize free riders(such as punishment),…

Necessary condition

Causation (or causality)

Idea

State of nature

Proof

Sound

Nominalism

Quantity

Conjunction

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PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

EPISTEMOLOGY

AESTHETICS

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ETHICS

UTILITARIANISM

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

PYTHAGOREANISM

STOICISM

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

ESSENTIAL WRITING SKILLS

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

QUANTUM LOGIC

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Logic

Books

Life Is Real Only Then, When “I Am” (All and Everything)

The World as I See It (Deluxe Hardcover Book)

Objectivity (Mit Press)

Stoicism: How To Integrate This Powerful Philosophy To Become More Balanced, Productive, And Reach Your Full Potential

The Complete Book of Yoga: Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Raja Yoga, Jnana Yoga

I Am a Strange Loop

Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for Everyone and No One (Penguin Classics)

More Matrix and Philosophy: Revolutions and Reloaded Decoded (Popular Culture and Philosophy) (Popular Culture and Philosophy, 11)

Consciousness Is All: The Magnificent Truth of What You Are

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Five Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo

Miracle Minded Medium: The Purpose and Power of Talking to Dead People

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Free-Rider Problem

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State of nature

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Nominalism

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