MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS
As the Middle East is often called the cradle of civilization, it is also the source of some of the earliest philosophical literature. Much of it is devoted to what…
THE EXPOSITORY PAPER
We have already touched on the expository paper, but let’s discuss it briefly here. Look at the adjective expository. It…
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AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY
AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY
The earliest indigenous African philosophy to produce written documents emerged during the seventeenth century, especially in Ethiopia. Zera Yacob (1599–1692), whose Hatata (1667) has been compared to René Descartes’ Discourse…
INTUITIONISM
INTUITIONISM
One of the most familiar non-classical logics is intuitionism, which, in simple terms, is based upon the rejection of the law of excluded middle: (P ∨ ¬P). There are both…
PHILOSOPHY OF LAW
PHILOSOPHY OF LAW
The philosophy of law is concerned with all aspects of theoretical reflection on laws and legal systems and therefore encompasses historical and sociological studies in addition to the philosophical questions…
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
The word essay comes from the French infinitive verb essayer, meaning “to try” or “to attempt.” In fact, when the word was first borrowed into the English language, as essay,…
PLATO
PLATO
Plato (427–347 BC) was born into a powerful family in Athens but abandoned politics after the execution of his teacher, Socrates; he subsequently traveled, became influenced by the Pythagoreans, and…
WHAT IS THE “SUBJECT MATTER” OF PHILOSOPHY
WHAT IS THE “SUBJECT MATTER” OF PHILOSOPHY
“There is a common misunderstanding that philosophy—like chemistry or history—has a content to offer, a content that a teacher is to teach and a student is to learn,” writes Professor…
LOGICAL POSITIVISM
LOGICAL POSITIVISM
Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that knowledge of things-inthemselves was impossible, Comte argued that our scientific…
RATIONALISM
RATIONALISM
Rationalism designates a variety of philosophical schools maintaining that reason, as opposed to empirical investigation, is the most important method of acquiring knowledge.
CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY
CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY
The Classical Period in philosophy was dominated by the teachings of Plato (427–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) but gradually fell into a decline following the conquest of the independent…
PYTHAGOREANISM
PYTHAGOREANISM
Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…
CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS
CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS
Textbooks on critical thinking and logic.
SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)
SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)
Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed various arguments for their conclusions, including Platonic doubts about the…
HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS
HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS
The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…
WHAT PHILOSOPHY PROFESSORS WANT FROM STUDENT WRITERS
WHAT PHILOSOPHY PROFESSORS WANT FROM STUDENT WRITERS
Some 2,300 years ago, Aristotle introduced the syllogism into the intellectual world. A threeelement formula, it is the elementary building block of syllogistic logic and deductive reasoning. The syllogism combines…
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL
Based in the Ionian colony of Elea (modern-day Velia) in southern Italy, and primarily associated with Parmenides (early fifth century…
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Discipline Is Destiny: The Power of Self-Control (The Stoic Virtues Series)
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Stillness Is the Key
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Right Thing, Right Now: Justice in an Unjust World (The Stoic Virtues Series)
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How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius
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Letters from a Stoic: Penguin Classics
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Books
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Trauma Stewardship: An Everyday Guide to Caring for Self While Caring for Others
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Beyond Good and Evil: The Philosophy Classic (Capstone Classics)
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The Burnout Society
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The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Penguin Classics)
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Into the Headwinds: Why Belief Has Always Been Hard―and Still Is
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The Middle Way: The Emergence of Modern-Religious Trends in Nineteenth-Century Judaism Responses to Modernity in the Philosophy of Z. H. Chajes, S. R. … Vol. 1 (Studies in Orthodox Judaism)
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The Shadow Work Journal: A Guide to Integrate and Transcend your Shadows
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Lives of the Stoics: The Art of Living from Zeno to Marcus Aurelius
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The Science of Mind: The Complete Edition
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Self-Reliance and Other Essays (Dover Thrift Editions: Philosophy)
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Walden: Introduction and Annotations by Bill McKibben (Concord Library)
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Tao Te Ching: Text Only Edition
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Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy (2 volume set)
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Beyond Good and Evil: Deluxe Edition
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Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 5: the Global Dharma for the Third Millennium (Volume 5)
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Walden with On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (Reader’s Library Classics)
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The Atomos Blog
How do you get from a singularity to infinity?
How do you get from a singularity to infinity?
How do you get from a singularity to infinity?
How do you get from a singularity to infinity?
When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye
When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye
The Threshold
The Threshold
Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark Paper
Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark Paper
What Does the Mind Really Mean?
What Does the Mind Really Mean?
The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity
The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity
Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?
Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?
Natural Function and Perceptual Content
Natural Function and Perceptual Content
Philosophy of Law: An Introduction
Philosophy of Law: An Introduction
Philosophy of Science: An Introduction
Philosophy of Science: An Introduction
Aesthetics: An Introduction
Aesthetics: An Introduction
Epistemology: An Introduction
Epistemology: An Introduction
Ethics: An Introduction
Ethics: An Introduction
Logic: An Introduction
Logic: An Introduction
Metaphysics: An Introduction
Metaphysics: An Introduction
Philosophy of Science: An Introduction
Philosophy of Science: An Introduction
Terms & Concepts
Tautological equivalence
Two statements are logically equivalent if they have the same truth values in all possible circumstances. It is never the case that one of the statements is true, while the…
Communitarian ethic
An ethical theory that values community and communal relationships, whichform individuals. https://youtube.com/shorts/D5QXiE6fwHc?feature=share
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