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By In NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

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By In History Of Philosophy

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

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By In CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

CYNICISM

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By In MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

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By In POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY

UTILITARIANISM

The French Revolution sparked legal and political reforms across Europe, which brought with them their accompanying philosophical frameworks.
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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophySKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)
November 15, 2023

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed various arguments for their conclusions, including Platonic doubts about the…
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Writing PhilosophyTHE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS
November 22, 2023

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

Writing is work, and for many of us, writing is hard work. Writing philosophy adds to this labor an element of intimidation. Whether you are writing an expository—explanatory and descriptive—essay…
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LogicNON-CLASSICAL LOGIC
November 15, 2023

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

While both the predicate calculus and the modal propositional calculus may be seen as extensions of the basic propositional calculus, there are also a variety of formal languages intended as…
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History Of PhilosophyANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY
November 15, 2023

ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY

Between the 1940s and the 1960s, analytic philosophy shifted away from investigating the (supposed) underlying logical structure of language. While it was still primarily concerned with conceptual analysis, this was…
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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONSHistory Of PhilosophyPHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA
November 15, 2023

PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA

The dominant philosophical traditions in this part of the world began in Ancient China from the sixth century to 221 BC, which saw the development of China’s great philosophical movements…
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Writing PhilosophyWRITING IS CENTRAL TO PHILOSOPHY
November 24, 2023

WRITING IS CENTRAL TO PHILOSOPHY

For the great majority of us, writing is instrumental to thinking. Since it is reasonable to describe philosophy as the application of disciplined thought to a variety of topics, issues,…
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THE EARLY MODERN PERIODWHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?EMPIRICISM
November 15, 2023

EMPIRICISM

Empiricism covers a range of views prioritizing experience as the primary source of knowledge. During the Early Modern Period, this view was expounded by the so-called British Empiricists—Locke, Berkeley, and…
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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophyMEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
November 15, 2023

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

The Medieval Period is usually dated between the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476)and the beginning of the Renaissance (c. 1300). In terms of philosophy, the period begins inthe…
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Writing PhilosophyGRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS
November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTPHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 23, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS
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History Of PhilosophyPOST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
November 15, 2023

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Kant’s philosophy continued to dominate throughout the nineteenth century, although there were increasing concerns about the overall coherence of his system; in particular, there was doubt as to whether the…
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LogicRELEVANCE LOGICS
November 15, 2023

RELEVANCE LOGICS

A relevance logic is motivated by the idea that the premises of a valid argument must be somehow “relevant” to its conclusion. The idea is motivated by the fact that…
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Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of PhilosophyPHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTBOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS
November 27, 2023

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

This list is aimed at curating those texts that will both challenge a novice researcher, and continually reward repeated encounters as you develop your philosophical interests.
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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophySAINT AUGUSTINE
November 15, 2023

SAINT AUGUSTINE

Like his contemporaries, Saint Augustine (354–430) was primarily influenced by Neoplatonism, and, indeed, credited Plotinus with helping him to understand Christian theology.
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By In History Of Philosophy

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

The Classical Period in philosophy was dominated by the teachings of Plato (427–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) but gradually…
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Logic

Books

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    Think Straight: Change Your Thoughts, Change Your Life

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    Nature and Norm: Judaism, Christianity, and the Theopolitical Problem (New Perspectives in Post-Rabbinic Judaism)

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    The Call to God: An Arabic Critical Edition and English Translation of Epistle 48 (Epistles of the Brethren of Purity)

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    An Unlikely Guru: How a Neurotic Jewish Real Estate Developer from New Jersey Found Enlightenment (And How You Can, Too)

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    Modernity and the Ideals of Arab-Islamic and Western-Scientific Philosophy: The Worldviews of Mario Bunge and Taha Abd al-Rahman

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    Introducción a Wittgenstein

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    A Little History of the World (Little Histories)

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    The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are

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    Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and Its Attainment

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    Existential Rationalism: Handling Hume’s Fork (Unlock Tao)

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    At the Existentialist Café: Freedom, Being, and Apricot Cocktails with Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Others

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    In Praise of Failure: Four Lessons in Humility

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    Meditations

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    Heidegger and the Destruction of Aristotle: On How to Read the Tradition (Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy)

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Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework

Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework

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Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s FrameworkAtomos

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Rule-Following and Artificial Intelligence: A Kripkean PerspectiveAtomos

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The Eternal Coexistence of Consciousness and Spacetime: A Philosophical InquiryAtomos

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Embracing Contradiction: An In-Depth Analysis of DialetheismAtomos

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Analysis of, and Responses to Edmund Gettier’s “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”Atomos

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The Unstable Foundation: A Critique of the Ontological Proof of God’s ExistenceAtomos

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Meta-Modal Actuality: A Dynamic Framework for Possibility, Actualization, and CausalityAtomos

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Killing, Morality, and the Human Condition: A Philosophical InvestigationAtomos

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The Intricacy of Existence: A Philosophical Exploration of Complexity, Contingency, and Divine AgencyAtomos

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The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s ArgumentAtomos

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Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical InquiryAtomos

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The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical InquiryAtomos

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Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and AtheismAtomos

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The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human MortalityAtomos

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The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind WatchmakerAtomos

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Terms & Concepts

S

Slippery slope argument

An informal fallacy constituted by arguing that a series of increasingly unpalatable event swill follow from an initial course of action, resulting in a circumstance no one would want.This result…
P

Paradigm

In the philosophy of science, a set of scientific and philosophical assumptions, often based around “exemplary” results, that guides scientific research. According to Thomas Kuhn(1922-1996), on this model falsified theories…
V

Void

That which is empty. In ancient Greek Atomist thought, that through which atoms move. https://youtube.com/shorts/T_UlVe27BP4?feature=share
R
Retributive justice
C
Conjunction
I
Immaterialism
D
DeMorgan’s Laws
C
Categorical syllogism
E
Empiricist
F
Fascism
I
Internal meaning
F
Final cause
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