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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

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By In History Of Philosophy

PLATO

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ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY

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By In PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

There is no substitute for grappling primary sources. Nevertheless, secondary sources—including scholarly research, literary reviews, historical summaries—are valuable tools. They…
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History Of PhilosophyANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYLOGICAL POSITIVISM
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that knowledge of things-inthemselves was impossible, Comte argued that our scientific…
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Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of PhilosophyMETAPHYSICS
December 12, 2023

METAPHYSICS

Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of reality, including the nature of the world and the entities it contains. While such an investigation inevitably overlaps with natural philosophy—the sciences, especially physics…
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THE EARLY MODERN PERIODHistory Of PhilosophyRATIONALISM
November 15, 2023

RATIONALISM

Rationalism designates a variety of philosophical schools maintaining that reason, as opposed to empirical investigation, is the most important method of acquiring knowledge.
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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophyEPICUREANISM
November 15, 2023

EPICUREANISM

Founded by Epicurus (341–271 BC), this eponymous philosophy is best known through the Roman poet Lucretius (mid first century BC). Like the Atomists, the Epicureans maintained that everything is made…
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Writing PhilosophyWHAT IS GOOD WRITING?
November 24, 2023

WHAT IS GOOD WRITING?

What is good music? What is good art? What is good writing? Such questions unleash many opinions. The branch of traditional philosophy called Aesthetics is devoted to answering such questions…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTBOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS
November 27, 2023

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

This list is aimed at curating those texts that will both challenge a novice researcher, and continually reward repeated encounters as you develop your philosophical interests.
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LogicNON-CLASSICAL LOGIC
November 15, 2023

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

While both the predicate calculus and the modal propositional calculus may be seen as extensions of the basic propositional calculus, there are also a variety of formal languages intended as…
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History Of PhilosophyPOST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
November 15, 2023

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Kant’s philosophy continued to dominate throughout the nineteenth century, although there were increasing concerns about the overall coherence of his system; in particular, there was doubt as to whether the…
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Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of PhilosophyETHICS
December 12, 2023

ETHICS

Ethics is the study of morality and can be divided into three main areas of inquiry. Descriptive ethics concerns the actual moral beliefs held by specific individuals or societies and…
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Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of PhilosophyNATURAL PHILOSOPHY
December 12, 2023

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

An important historical branch designation rather than a current one, natural philosophy was the study of nature and the physical universe by philosophical (that is, largely empirical reason-based) methods.
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Writing PhilosophyESSENTIAL WRITING SKILLS
November 21, 2023

ESSENTIAL WRITING SKILLS

Having just walked through the basic process of writing a philosophy paper, we turn now to the essential skillset you should develop and apply not only to the writing of…
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LogicMANY-VALUE LOGICS
November 15, 2023

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

In the classical logics already discussed, the logical connectives are taken to be bivalent—that is, they allow of only two different truth values: true and false. One natural extension to…
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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGWriting PhilosophyTHE ESSAY OF REFUTATION
November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF REFUTATION

The essay of refutation takes the position “I disagree.” Its objective is to persuade the reader that the argument of another is false, flawed, unlikely, implausible, or in some other…
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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophyANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
November 15, 2023

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The analytic tradition arose partly as a rejection of Hegelian idealism in favor of what George Edward Moore (1873–1958) called a “common sense” view of the world, alongside developments in…
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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS
November 24, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS

Note: Some of these titles may be difficult to find, either in DVD format or streaming. Film Animation Animal Farm (1954)Based on George Orwell’s novel of the same name, farm…
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By In CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY

PHENOMENOLOGY

As originally developed by Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), phenomenology seeks to provide a detailed description of the way in which things…
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Logic

Books

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    Power (The Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984, Vol. 3)

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    Courage Is Calling

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    In Search Of The Miraculous (Harvest Book)

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    Shadow Work Journal and Workbook: The Most Comprehensive and Easy-to-Follow Guide to Integrate and Transcend Your Shadows and Find Inner Peace Through Self-Discovery

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    The Phenomenon of Life: A Plain Man’s Perspectives

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    Living Like a Stoic: Cultivating Wisdom, Emotional Resilience, Positivity, Confidence, Calmness, and Meditations for Perseverance in Today’s Modern Life

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    UN SUEÑO HACIA EL DESPERTAR (Spanish Edition)

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    Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability (Revised Edition)

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    Death to Deconstruction: Reclaiming Faithfulness as an Act of Rebellion

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    One Unbounded Ocean of Consciousness: Simple Answers to the Big Questions in Life

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    Tao: The Watercourse Way

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    Proslogion, with the Replies of Gaunilo and Anselm

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    Existential Rationalism: Handling Hume’s Fork (Unlock Tao)

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    No Death, No Fear: Comforting Wisdom for Life

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    Three Waves of Volunteers and the New Earth

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    A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy

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The Atomos Blog

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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How do you get from a singularity to infinity?Philosophy of PhysicsPHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

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When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your EyePhilosophy of PhysicsPHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCERealism vs Anti-RealismScientific Realism

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The ThresholdConsciousnessPHILOSOPHY OF MIND

The Threshold

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Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark PaperProof TheoryUncategorized

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What Does the Mind Really Mean?Mental RepresentationPHILOSOPHY OF MIND

What Does the Mind Really Mean?

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The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of IdentityConscious ExperienceEXISTENTIALISM AND PHENOMENOLOGYIdentity and ChangePersonal IdentityPhilosophy of Physics

The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity

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Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?Ai and Machine Consciousness

Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?

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Natural Function and Perceptual ContentMental RepresentationPhilosophy of Biology

Natural Function and Perceptual Content

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Philosophy of Law: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF LAW

Philosophy of Law: An Introduction

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Philosophy of Science: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Aesthetics: An IntroductionAESTHETICSAtomos

Aesthetics: An Introduction

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Epistemology: An IntroductionAtomosEPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology: An Introduction

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Ethics: An IntroductionAtomosETHICS

Ethics: An Introduction

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Logic: An IntroductionAtomosLOGIC

Logic: An Introduction

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Metaphysics: An IntroductionAtomosMETAPHYSICS

Metaphysics: An Introduction

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Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Terms & Concepts

D

DeMorgan’s Laws

Named after the British mathematician and logician Augustus deMorgan (2806-1871), two sets of statements are truth-functionally equivalent: ¬ (P ^ Q) :: ¬ P ∨ ¬ Q and ¬ (P…
R

Raven Paradox

A paradox of confirmation based on the fact that if a hypothesis is confirmed by its instances,then any hypothesis will also be confirmed by evidence for its contrapositive; thus, both…
S

Subproof

A nested proof; that is, a proof that occurs within a larger proof sequence. (See alsoAssumptive proof.) https://youtube.com/shorts/GztQjmSjBQM?feature=share
M
Monad
A
a posteriori (always with lowercase a)
I
Intuition
M
Major premise
V
VirtueExcellence
O
Ontology
E
Extended
L
Logical validity
I
Inductive argument
View All