THE EARLY MODERN PERIODHistory Of PhilosophyLIBERALISM
November 15, 2023

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty of its subjects, Liberalism is generally traced to John Locke…
History Of PhilosophyCLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYARISTOTLE
November 15, 2023

ARISTOTLE

Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in Stagira but moved to Athens as a young man to study at Plato’s Academy. Following Plato’s death, Aristotle traveled, became tutor to Alexander the…
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophySCHOLASTICISM
November 15, 2023

SCHOLASTICISM

A general term for those philosophers influenced by the medieval rediscovery of classic texts, Scholasticism is broadly characterized by an interest in logic and disputation and is motivated to resolve…
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?PHILOSOPHY AS METHOD
November 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY AS METHOD

Our digital age suggests a useful analogy to further explain the role of philosophy in intellectual life. Philosophy is analogous to an operating system (OS), a software platform that enables…
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGWriting PhilosophyTHE POSITION PAPER
November 19, 2023

THE POSITION PAPER

A position paper may be viewed as a type of argumentative paper in that it states a claim—your position—concerning a topic, issue, or question and presents a justification for that…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTINTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS
November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS

There are some fairly firm distinctions between critical thinking and formal (symbolic) logic texts. Whereas critical thinking focuses broadly on argumentation, formal logic is the study of the principles of…
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophyLOGICAL ATOMISM
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…
Writing PhilosophyGRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS
November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONSHistory Of PhilosophyAFRICAN PHILOSOPHY
November 15, 2023

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

The earliest indigenous African philosophy to produce written documents emerged during the seventeenth century, especially in Ethiopia. Zera Yacob (1599–1692), whose Hatata (1667) has been compared to René Descartes’ Discourse…
LogicHIGHER-ORDER LOGICS
November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophyPHENOMENOLOGY
November 15, 2023

PHENOMENOLOGY

As originally developed by Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), phenomenology seeks to provide a detailed description of the way in which things are presented to us—that is to say, phenomena —in an…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTPHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 23, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS
LogicMODAL LOGIC
November 15, 2023

MODAL LOGIC

A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONSHistory Of PhilosophyMIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS
November 15, 2023

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

As the Middle East is often called the cradle of civilization, it is also the source of some of the earliest philosophical literature. Much of it is devoted to what…
Writing PhilosophyWRITING IS CENTRAL TO PHILOSOPHY
November 24, 2023

WRITING IS CENTRAL TO PHILOSOPHY

For the great majority of us, writing is instrumental to thinking. Since it is reasonable to describe philosophy as the application of disciplined thought to a variety of topics, issues,…

Books

  • Nausea (New Directions Paperbook)

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  • Postmodernism: A Beginner’s Guide (Beginner’s Guides)

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  • The Way of Chuang Tzu

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  • Essays

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  • Cosmic Queries: StarTalk’s Guide to Who We Are, How We Got Here, and Where We’re Going

    $16.59
  • Utilitarianism (Dover Thrift Editions: Philosophy)

    $4.00
  • UNDERSTANDING IMMANUEL KANT: The Smart Student’s Guide to Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (Philosophy Study Guides)

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  • The Sane Society

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  • TAO TE CHING: as read by Wayne Dyer

    $4.17
  • Knowledge And Decisions

    $31.99
  • No Death, No Fear: Comforting Wisdom for Life

    $14.65
  • Letters from a Stoic (Penguin Classics)

    $9.99
  • The Practicing Stoic: A Philosophical User’s Manual

    $20.99
  • Beyond Good and Evil: Deluxe Edition

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  • On the Shortness of Life: Life Is Long if You Know How to Use It (Penguin Great Ideas)

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  • The Trouble with Being Born

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The Atomos Blog

Philosophy of Law: An IntroductionAtomos

Philosophy of Law: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Philosophy of Science: An IntroductionAtomos

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Aesthetics: An IntroductionAtomos

Aesthetics: An Introduction

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Epistemology: An IntroductionAtomos

Epistemology: An Introduction

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Ethics: An IntroductionAtomos

Ethics: An Introduction

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Logic: An IntroductionAtomos

Logic: An Introduction

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Metaphysics: An IntroductionAtomos

Metaphysics: An Introduction

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Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction

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Political and Social Philosophy: An IntroductionAtomos

Political and Social Philosophy: An Introduction

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Environmental Philosophy: An IntroductionAtomos

Environmental Philosophy: An Introduction

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Existentialism and Phenomenology: An IntroductionAtomos

Existentialism and Phenomenology: An Introduction

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Feminist Philosophy: An IntroductionAtomos

Feminist Philosophy: An Introduction

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Terms & Concepts

D

Dao

See Tao https://youtube.com/shorts/ON-34MKv-Ok?feature=share
F

Four Noble Truths

One of Buddha’s most significant teachings, namely the truth that there is suffering; the truththat suffering has a cause; the truth that suffering has an end; and the truth that…
P

Probable

That which is likely but not certain or guaranteed. https://youtube.com/shorts/5F29LijB5TY?feature=share
T
Tautological equivalence
F
Functionalism
F
False dichotomy
A
Anicca
S
Subjective truth (subjectivity)
Z
Zend-Avesta
I
Incommensurability
A
Antecedent conditions
F
First principles
View All