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The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

EPICUREANISM

Founded by Epicurus (341–271 BC), this eponymous philosophy is best known through the Roman poet Lucretius (mid first century BC). Like the Atomists, the Epicureans maintained that everything is made…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

The philosophy of law is concerned with all aspects of theoretical reflection on laws and legal systems and therefore encompasses historical and sociological studies in addition to the philosophical questions…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 23, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

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Logic

November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

While the focus of western philosophy has primarily been on the analysis and understanding of our most basic concepts, another important theme has been the preparation and education of man…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

While both the predicate calculus and the modal propositional calculus may be seen as extensions of the basic propositional calculus, there are also a variety of formal languages intended as…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed various arguments for their conclusions, including Platonic doubts about the…

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy on the Indian subcontinent between 1000 BC and the early centuries of the first millennium was comprised of six major schools of Hindu philosophy (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa,…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 15, 2023

EMPIRICISM

Empiricism covers a range of views prioritizing experience as the primary source of knowledge. During the Early Modern Period, this view was expounded by the so-called British Empiricists—Locke, Berkeley, and…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 20, 2023

FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

The word essay comes from the French infinitive verb essayer, meaning “to try” or “to attempt.” In fact, when the word was first borrowed into the English language, as essay,…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

As with developing any skill, learning to write philosophically takes practice. Here are some links to academic sites, along with several style guides, to aid you.

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Logic

November 15, 2023

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

¬ one-place logical connective read as “not” or as “is not the case” ~ alternative notation for “not” & two-place logical connective read as “and” ˄ and

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE ELEATIC SCHOOL

Based in the Ionian colony of Elea (modern-day Velia) in southern Italy, and primarily associated with Parmenides (early fifth century BC) and Melissus of Samos (mid fifth century BC), the…

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By Philosophy Student In THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

Philosophical thought during the Enlightenment was characterized by a rejection of existing sources of authority. The broadly Aristotelean scientific worldview…

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

Logic

INTUITIONISM

Logic

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

Logic

RELEVANCE LOGICS

Logic

QUANTUM LOGIC

Logic

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

Books

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William James in Focus: Willing to Believe (American Philosophy)
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Hegel: Phenomenology and System
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The Complete Works: Handbook, Discourses, and Fragments
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Fanged Noumena: Collected Writings 1987-2007
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Buddhism without Beliefs: A Contemporary Guide to Awakening
$10.77
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Forget Foucault, new edition (Semiotext(e) / Foreign Agents)
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The Complete Works: Handbook, Discourses, and Fragments
$15.44
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Analytic Philosophy and Avicenna (Routledge Studies in Islamic Philosophy)
$48.95
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UNDERSTANDING JOHN STUART MILL: The Smart Student’s Guide to Utilitarianism and On Liberty (Philosophy Study Guides)
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In the Ruins of Neoliberalism: The Rise of Antidemocratic Politics in the West (The Wellek Library Lectures)
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The Birth of Tragedy: Out of the Spirit of Music (Penguin Classics)
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Feline Philosophy
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The Dynamics of Transformation: Tracing an Emerging World View
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Of Grammatology
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Being and Time: A Revised Edition of the Stambaugh Translation (SUNY series in Contemporary Continental Philosophy)
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A Course in Miracles: Text, Workbook for Students, Manual for Teachers
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The Atomos Blog

Atomos

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Deontological

A duty-based ethical theory; an action is moral if it is done from duty, irrespective of the consequences. (Typically opposed to consequentialist ethical theories.) https://youtube.com/shorts/Dxo42Fab2rs?feature=share

Slippery slope argument

An informal fallacy constituted by arguing that a series of increasingly unpalatable event swill follow from an initial course of action, resulting in a circumstance no one would want.This result…

Fallacy

An error in reasoning. While fallacious reasoning can be apparently persuasive argument,there is a flaw either in the structure of the reasoning (a formal fallacy) or because the arguerhas committed…

Neoplatonism

Logical possibility (Logically possible statement)

Four Noble Truths

State of nature

Determinism

Implication

Sympathy

Argument from design

Conversion by limitation

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PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

EPICUREANISM

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

LOGICAL ATOMISM

CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

EMPIRICISM

FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

THE ELEATIC SCHOOL

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Books

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The Atomos Blog

Logic

Books

William James in Focus: Willing to Believe (American Philosophy)

Hegel: Phenomenology and System

The Complete Works: Handbook, Discourses, and Fragments

Fanged Noumena: Collected Writings 1987-2007

Buddhism without Beliefs: A Contemporary Guide to Awakening

Forget Foucault, new edition (Semiotext(e) / Foreign Agents)

The Complete Works: Handbook, Discourses, and Fragments

Analytic Philosophy and Avicenna (Routledge Studies in Islamic Philosophy)

UNDERSTANDING JOHN STUART MILL: The Smart Student’s Guide to Utilitarianism and On Liberty (Philosophy Study Guides)

In the Ruins of Neoliberalism: The Rise of Antidemocratic Politics in the West (The Wellek Library Lectures)

The Birth of Tragedy: Out of the Spirit of Music (Penguin Classics)

Feline Philosophy

The Dynamics of Transformation: Tracing an Emerging World View

Of Grammatology

Being and Time: A Revised Edition of the Stambaugh Translation (SUNY series in Contemporary Continental Philosophy)

A Course in Miracles: Text, Workbook for Students, Manual for Teachers

The Atomos Blog

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

The Threshold

Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark Paper

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The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity

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Epistemology: An Introduction

Ethics: An Introduction

Logic: An Introduction

Metaphysics: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

The Atomos Blog

Terms & Concepts

Deontological

Slippery slope argument

Fallacy

Neoplatonism

Logical possibility (Logically possible statement)

Four Noble Truths

State of nature

Determinism

Implication

Sympathy

Argument from design

Conversion by limitation

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