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Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of Philosophy
December 12, 2023

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

An important historical branch designation rather than a current one, natural philosophy was the study of nature and the physical universe by philosophical (that is, largely empirical reason-based) methods.
THE EARLY MODERN PERIODWHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
November 15, 2023

EMPIRICISM

Empiricism covers a range of views prioritizing experience as the primary source of knowledge. During the Early Modern Period, this view was expounded by the so-called British Empiricists—Locke, Berkeley, and…
Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

WHAT PHILOSOPHY PROFESSORS WANT FROM STUDENT WRITERS

Some 2,300 years ago, Aristotle introduced the syllogism into the intellectual world. A threeelement formula, it is the elementary building block of syllogistic logic and deductive reasoning. The syllogism combines…
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…
THE EARLY MODERN PERIODHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

The philosophical system developed by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Transcendental Idealism sought to overcome the epistemological problems of Empiricism while providing a rational justification for Liberalism.
Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
November 14, 2023

HERMENEUTICS

Originally applied to scriptural exegesis (interpretation), hermeneutics is more generally the theory and method of all “textual” interpretation. In the modern context, this refers to both verbal and non-verbal “texts”…
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGWriting Philosophy
November 19, 2023

THE POSITION PAPER

A position paper may be viewed as a type of argumentative paper in that it states a claim—your position—concerning a topic, issue, or question and presents a justification for that…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

As with developing any skill, learning to write philosophically takes practice. Here are some links to academic sites, along with several style guides, to aid you.
Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

WRITING PHILOSOPHY

How Do You Do Philosophy? Writing Is Central To Philosophy What Philosophy Professors Want From Student Writers What Is Good Writing? What Is Good Philosophical Writing? Grading Criteria for Philosophy…
Logic
November 15, 2023

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

While both the predicate calculus and the modal propositional calculus may be seen as extensions of the basic propositional calculus, there are also a variety of formal languages intended as…
Logic
November 15, 2023

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…
Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?

How do you do philosophy? Unlike many of the questions asked in the name of philosophy, this one has a straightforward answer. You do philosophy primarily through writing. Now, if…
Traditional Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
December 12, 2023

LOGIC

Logic is concerned with studying the inferences we make, and the formal languages developed to systematize those inferences. This includes both the proof-theories and semantics for these languages, as well…
History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

PYTHAGOREANISM

Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…

Books

  • Toward the Postmodern (Philosophy and Literary Theory)

    $50.00
  • Discipline Is Destiny: The Power of Self-Control (The Stoic Virtues Series)

    $16.28
  • Socrates’ Children Volume II: Medieval Philosophers

    $19.95
  • Understanding Knowledge

    $20.00
  • The Prophet (A Borzoi Book)

    $16.00
  • Kant’s Philosophical Revolution: A Short Guide to the Critique of Pure Reason

    $21.51
  • The Power of Awareness (Tarcher Cornerstone Editions)

    $11.84
  • The Construction of Social Reality

    $12.60
  • The Conspiracy against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror

    $14.83
  • The Case of Wagner / Twilight of the Idols / The Antichrist / Ecce Homo / Dionysus Dithyrambs / Nietzsche Contra Wagner: Volume 9 (The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche)

    $26.00
  • The Tao of Leadership: Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching Adapted for a New Age

    $25.82
  • A Short History of Decay

    $14.79
  • Designing the Mind: The Principles of Psychitecture

    $17.99
AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and Atheism

Abstract: This paper explores the fundamental differences in how theistic and atheistic worldviews approach key metaphysical concepts such as existence, causality, the nature of being, morality, and the origin of…
AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human Mortality

Introduction The vastness of the universe has long been a source of awe and wonder. With its endless galaxies, stars, and the possibility of unknown life, the cosmos presents us…
AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker

Introduction In the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the world is confronted with a remarkable paradox: machines, devoid of consciousness, produce some of the most intricate and profound creations ever…
AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical Inquiry

Abstract Imagination, an integral part of human cognition, allows individuals to transcend their immediate sensory experiences and engage with abstract ideas, creativity, and possibilities beyond the present. Despite its essential…
AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical Inquiry

Abstract In this paper, we explore the central Buddhist concepts of karma, rebirth, and the doctrine of non-self (anatta), arguing that these ideas present a comprehensive, coherent metaphysical system that…

Terms & Concepts

L

Logical necessity

A sentence that is true in all possible circumstances. A sentence that is never false—that is, asentence true by its logical form and, therefore, a logical consequence of any set…
S

Semiotics

The theory of signs and signification, including symbols (conventional signs such as language), indexes (natural signs with a causal correspondence to their referent), and icons(signs whose form resembles their referent).…
N

Naturalism

The theory that everything can be explained in terms of causal claims and facts. https://youtube.com/shorts/UXAxnff4wUw?feature=share
D
Divine command theory
F
False dilemma
E
Empiricist
S
Supervenience
B
Boolean connectives (Boolean operators)
M
Metaphysics
S
Self-contradictory
L
Logical equivalence (logically equivalent statements)
C
Cosmological argument
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