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By In NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA

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By In THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

RATIONALISM

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By In CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

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By In NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

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By In Logic

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals.…
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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophyLOGICAL ATOMISM
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…
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History Of PhilosophyTHE PRE-SOCRATICS
November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…
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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGTHE ESSAY OF ASSERTION
November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF ASSERTION

The essay of assertion takes the position I believe. It is an argumentative essay in which you convey to the reader some belief or beliefs that you hold. If you…
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STRATEGIC WRITING CHOICESWriting PhilosophySTRATEGIC WRITING CHOICES FOR PHILOSOPHY CLASS
November 18, 2023

STRATEGIC WRITING CHOICES FOR PHILOSOPHY CLASS

Writing philosophy should not be easy, but you cannot allow it to become impossible. Here are five strategic rules of thumb for embarking on a successful writing project for philosophy…
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LogicPREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)
November 15, 2023

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…
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Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy BranchesBIOETHICS
November 14, 2023

BIOETHICS

A branch of ethics concerned with the moral and political issues raised by medical science, and with advances in medical technology, bioethics has now become a largely autonomous area of…
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LogicRELEVANCE LOGICS
November 15, 2023

RELEVANCE LOGICS

A relevance logic is motivated by the idea that the premises of a valid argument must be somehow “relevant” to its conclusion. The idea is motivated by the fact that…
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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophySTOICISM
November 15, 2023

STOICISM

Founded by Zeno of Citium (334–262 BC), early Stoicism shared many similarities with Epicureanism, including the belief that the world was largely deterministic and that the overall goal of the…
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LogicMODAL LOGIC
November 15, 2023

MODAL LOGIC

A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…
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Philosophy BranchesBRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
December 12, 2023

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy embraces the most ambitious field of inquiry—the universe, including the self and everything both physical and metaphysical. It is impossible to list all the branches of philosophy, which are…
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History Of PhilosophyPYTHAGOREANISM
November 15, 2023

PYTHAGOREANISM

Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTCRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS
November 27, 2023

CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

Textbooks on critical thinking and logic.
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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?WHAT IS THE “SUBJECT MATTER” OF PHILOSOPHY
November 12, 2023

WHAT IS THE “SUBJECT MATTER” OF PHILOSOPHY

“There is a common misunderstanding that philosophy—like chemistry or history—has a content to offer, a content that a teacher is to teach and a student is to learn,” writes Professor…
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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGTHE PERSONAL ESSAY
November 20, 2023

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

The personal essay is a self-reflective search for meaning. Unlike most philosophical writing, it is not argumentative. Instead, it is exploratory and speculative, often even somewhat confessional. It is typically…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTBOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS
November 27, 2023

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

This list is aimed at curating those texts that will both challenge a novice researcher, and continually reward repeated encounters as you develop your philosophical interests.
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By In THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty…
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Logic

Books

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    Why Buddhism is True: The Science and Philosophy of Meditation and Enlightenment

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    Night Vision: Seeing Ourselves through Dark Moods

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    Deconstruction (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series)

    $12.76
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    The Essential Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson (Modern Library Classics)

    $15.99
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    The Philosopher’s Toolkit: A Compendium of Philosophical Concepts and Methods

    $26.75
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    Inspired Wisdom Word Search: Yoga for the Brain

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    100 Inspirational Quotes By Ralph Waldo Emerson: A Boost Of Wisdom And Inspiration From The Legendary Poet And Essayist

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    Textos sobre la caballería espiritual – Las cuarenta estaciones del alma (Spanish Edition)

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    Ockham Explained: From Razor to Rebellion (Ideas Explained)

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    A Year of Living Your Yoga: Daily Practices to Shape Your Life

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    Body Aware: Rediscover Your Mind-Body Connection, Stop Feeling Stuck, and Improve Your Mental Health with Simple Movement Practices

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    The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason

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    The Upanishads (Easwaran’s Classics of Indian Spirituality Book 2)

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The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of IdentityConscious ExperienceEXISTENTIALISM AND PHENOMENOLOGYIdentity and ChangePersonal IdentityPhilosophy of Physics

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Natural Function and Perceptual ContentMental RepresentationPhilosophy of Biology

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Ethics: An IntroductionAtomosETHICS

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Logic: An IntroductionAtomosLOGIC

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Metaphysics: An IntroductionAtomosMETAPHYSICS

Metaphysics: An Introduction

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Terms & Concepts

C

Contradiction elimination

In symbolic logic, a valid inference in a system of truth-functional rules. From a contradiction, anything follows. So, once a contradiction has been established in a proof, any statement is…
M

Major premise

In a standard-form categorical syllogism, the premise that contains the major term. It is the premise that appears first. (See also Categorical syllogism and Standard form.) https://youtube.com/shorts/NungjsSU_sI?feature=share
M

Maxim

Kant’s term for the subjective rule an individual uses in making a decision, which is a universalizable rule that an individual could expect everyone else to follow. https://youtube.com/shorts/rJdxBTr3NoU?feature=share
M
Morality
C
Categories
P
Participation
A
Autonomy
B
Behaviorism
S
Synthetic
T
Transcendental deduction
S
Social contract
A
Appeal to pity (ad misericordiam)
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