INTUITIONISM
One of the most familiar non-classical logics is intuitionism, which, in simple terms, is based upon the rejection of the law of excluded middle: (P ∨ ¬P). There are both…
THE PRE-SOCRATICS
The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything…
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RATIONALISM
RATIONALISM
Rationalism designates a variety of philosophical schools maintaining that reason, as opposed to empirical investigation, is the most important method of acquiring knowledge.
PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)
PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)
The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.
GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS
GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS
The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…
THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION
THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION
The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…
LOGIC
LOGIC
Logic is concerned with studying the inferences we make, and the formal languages developed to systematize those inferences. This includes both the proof-theories and semantics for these languages, as well…
PHILOSOPHY OF LAW
PHILOSOPHY OF LAW
The philosophy of law is concerned with all aspects of theoretical reflection on laws and legal systems and therefore encompasses historical and sociological studies in addition to the philosophical questions…
MANY-VALUE LOGICS
MANY-VALUE LOGICS
In the classical logics already discussed, the logical connectives are taken to be bivalent—that is, they allow of only two different truth values: true and false. One natural extension to…
PRAGMATISM
PRAGMATISM
Pragmatism was a philosophical movement in the United States concerned with the relationship between abstract theory and practical activity, and with the value of philosophical reflection.
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy on the Indian subcontinent between 1000 BC and the early centuries of the first millennium was comprised of six major schools of Hindu philosophy (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa,…
OTHER CATEGORIZATIONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
OTHER CATEGORIZATIONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
There are other ways of classifying the forms of philosophic writing you may be asked to produce. The most prominent of these are: The Expository Paper The Argumentative Paper The…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS
STRATEGIC WRITING CHOICES FOR PHILOSOPHY CLASS
STRATEGIC WRITING CHOICES FOR PHILOSOPHY CLASS
Writing philosophy should not be easy, but you cannot allow it to become impossible. Here are five strategic rules of thumb for embarking on a successful writing project for philosophy…
CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS
CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS
Textbooks on critical thinking and logic.
EPISTEMOLOGY
EPISTEMOLOGY
Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including its nature and its extent, and of justification (that is, whether a belief is formed in a valid way to justify its being…
EMPIRICISM
Empiricism covers a range of views prioritizing experience as the primary source of knowledge. During the Early Modern Period, this…
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Discipline Is Destiny: The Power of Self-Control (The Stoic Virtues Series)
$15.99
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Stillness Is the Key
$7.99
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Right Thing, Right Now: Justice in an Unjust World (The Stoic Virtues Series)
$28.00
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How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius
$13.12
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Letters from a Stoic: Penguin Classics
$14.52
Books
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The Shadow Work Journal: A Guide to Integrate and Transcend your Shadows
$17.99 -
The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers
$12.91 -
Marsilio Ficino, Three Books on Life: A Critical Edition and Translation (Volume 57) (Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies)
$41.85 -
The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt
$13.89 -
Thomas Aquinas: Selected Writings (Penguin Classics)
$18.00 -
The Will to Power
$18.95 -
The Compassionate Brain: How Empathy Creates Intelligence
$16.03 -
Being and Time (Harper Perennial Modern Thought)
$16.29 -
The Complete I Ching ― 10th Anniversary Edition: The Definitive Translation by Taoist Master Alfred Huang
$19.95 -
El librito azul (Spanish Edition)
$15.95 -
Anselm of Canterbury: The Major Works (Oxford World’s Classics)
$13.69 -
Osho Zen Tarot: The Transcendental Game Of Zen (79-Card Deck and 192-Page Book)
$23.39 -
Collected Essays in Speculative Philosophy (New Perspectives in Ontology)
$24.95
Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework
Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework
Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework
Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework
Rule-Following and Artificial Intelligence: A Kripkean Perspective
Rule-Following and Artificial Intelligence: A Kripkean Perspective
The Eternal Coexistence of Consciousness and Spacetime: A Philosophical Inquiry
The Eternal Coexistence of Consciousness and Spacetime: A Philosophical Inquiry
Embracing Contradiction: An In-Depth Analysis of Dialetheism
Embracing Contradiction: An In-Depth Analysis of Dialetheism
Analysis of, and Responses to Edmund Gettier’s “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”
Analysis of, and Responses to Edmund Gettier’s “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”
The Unstable Foundation: A Critique of the Ontological Proof of God’s Existence
The Unstable Foundation: A Critique of the Ontological Proof of God’s Existence
Meta-Modal Actuality: A Dynamic Framework for Possibility, Actualization, and Causality
Meta-Modal Actuality: A Dynamic Framework for Possibility, Actualization, and Causality
Killing, Morality, and the Human Condition: A Philosophical Investigation
Killing, Morality, and the Human Condition: A Philosophical Investigation
The Intricacy of Existence: A Philosophical Exploration of Complexity, Contingency, and Divine Agency
The Intricacy of Existence: A Philosophical Exploration of Complexity, Contingency, and Divine Agency
The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument
The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument
Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical Inquiry
Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical Inquiry
The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical Inquiry
The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical Inquiry
Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and Atheism
Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and Atheism
The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human Mortality
The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human Mortality
The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker
The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker
The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument
The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument
-
Discipline Is Destiny: The Power of Self-Control (The Stoic Virtues Series)
$15.99
-
Stillness Is the Key
$7.99
-
Right Thing, Right Now: Justice in an Unjust World (The Stoic Virtues Series)
$28.00
-
How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius
$13.12
-
Letters from a Stoic: Penguin Classics
$14.52
- Atomos
- AESTHETICS
- Aesthetic Experience
- Disinterestedness
- Emotion and Imagination
- Artistic Value and Judgment
- Aesthetic Standards
- Criticism and Evaluation
- Interpretation and Meaning
- Intentionalism vs Anti Intentionalism
- Interpretation In Literature Music Visual Art
- Philosophy of Art
- Artistic Creation
- Nature of Art
- ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY
- Animal Ethics
- Anthropocentrism vs Ecocentrism
- Climate Ethics
- Deep Ecology
- EPISTEMOLOGY
- Belief, Truth and Evidence
- Evidentialism vs Reliabilism
- Theories of Truth Correspondence Coherence Pragmatic
- Justification and Skepticism
- Foundationalism vs Coherentism
- Global and Local Skepticism
- Internalism vs Externalism
- Nature and Limits Of Knowledge
- A Priori vs a Posteriori Knowledge
- Knowledge vs True Belief
- Rationalism vs Empiricism
- Social Epistemology
- Epistemic Injustice
- Group Epistemology
- Testimony
- Virtue Epistemology
- ETHICS
- Applied Ethics
- Bioethics
- Business and Professional Ethics
- Environmental Ethics
- Technology and Ai Ethics
- Meta Ethics
- Cognitivism vs Non-cognitivism
- Moral Realism vs Anti Realism
- Naturalism vs Non-naturalism
- Moral Phsycology
- Moral Development
- Moral Emotions
- Moral Motivation
- Normative Ethics
- Consequentialism
- Deontology
- Virtue Ethics
- EXISTENTIALISM AND PHENOMENOLOGY
- Conscious Experience
- Embodied Consciousness
- Intentionality
- Human Freedom and Authenticity
- Responsibility and Choice
- Meaning and Absurdity
- Existential Angst
- Nihilism
- FEMINIST PHILOSOPHY
- Critique of Traditional Frameworks
- Patriarchy and canon Critique
- Feminist Epistemology and Ethics
- Gender and Identity
- Queer Theory
- Social Construction
- Intersectionality
- Race Class and Gender Intersections
- GLOBAL AND COMPARATIVE PHILOSOPHY
- African Philosophy
- Communalism
- Decolonial Thought
- Sage Philosophy
- Ubuntu
- Eastern Philosophy
- Chinese Philosophy Confucianism Daoism
- Indian Philosophy Vedanta Buddhism Jainism
- Japanese Philosophy Zen Kyoto School
- Indigenous Philosophy
- Epistemologies and Ritual
- Land and oral Tradition
- Native American Worldviews
- Latin American Philosophy
- Coloniality and Resistance
- Liberation Philosophy
- Mestizo Thought
- HISTORICAL PERIODS OF PHILOSOPHY
- Ancient Philosophy
- Classical Greek Plato Aristotle
- Hellenistic and Roman
- Pre Socratic
- Medieval Philosophy
- Christian Islamic Jewish Traditions
- Modern Philosophy
- Empiricists Locke Berkeley Hume
- Kant and Critique
- Rationalists Descartes Spinoza Leibniz
- Nineteenth Century Philosophy
- Hegelianism
- Marxism
- Nietzsche
- Twentieth and Twenty First Century Philosophy
- Analytic Philosophy
- Continental Philosophy
- Postmodernism
- LOGIC
- Formal Logic
- Modal Logic
- Predicate Logic
- Propositional Logic
- Informal Logic
- Argumentation
- Fallacies
- Philosophy of Logic
- Logic and Language
- Logical Pluralism
- Nature of Logical Truth
- Symbolic Logic
- Model Theory
- Proof Theory
- METAPHYSICS
- Cosmology
- Origin and Structure of The Universe
- Space and TIme
- Free Will And Determination
- Agency and Responsibility
- Compatibilism vs Incompatibilism
- Identity and Change
- Persistence Through Time
- Personal Identity
- Modality
- Counterfactuals
- Possibility and Necessity
- Ontology
- Categories and Universals
- Nature of Being
- Substance and Essence
- PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
- Critical Thinking and Moral- Development
- Democratic Education
- Pedagogical Ethics
- Purpose of Education
- PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY
- Historical Explanation
- Narrative and Causation
- Nature of Historical Knowledge
- Objectivity and Interpretation
- Teleology and Progress
- PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE
- Linguistic Philosophy
- Language and Reality
- Ordinary Language Philosophy
- Meaning and Reference
- Sense and Reference Frege Russell
- Theories of Reference
- Semantics and Pragmatics
- Context and Meaning
- Indexicals and Anaphora
- Speech Acts
- Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts
- PHILOSOPHY OF LAW
- Critical Legal Theory
- Critical Race Theory
- Feminist Legal Theory
- Law and Morality
- Civil Disobedience
- Unjust Laws
- Legal Reasoning
- Judicial Discretion
- Precedent and Interpretation
- Nature and Sources of Law
- Legal Positivism
- Legal Realism
- Natural Law Theory
- Rights and Justice
- Legal Rights Vs Moral Rights
- Theories Of Punishment
- PHILOSOPHY OF MIND
- Artificial Intelligence and Cognition
- Ai and Machine Consciousness
- Computational Theory of Mind
- Consciousness
- Access Consciousness
- Phenomenal Consciousness
- Mental Representation
- Content and Computation
- Intentionality Conscious Experience
- Mind Body Problem
- Dualism vs Physicalism
- Functionalism
- Personal Identity
- Embodied Identity
- Psychological Continuity
- PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
- Philosophy of Specific Sciences
- Philosophy of Biology
- Philosophy of Mathematics
- Philosophy of Physics
- Philosophy of Social Sciences
- Realism vs Anti-Realism
- Instrumentalism
- Scientific Realism
- Scientific Method and Explanation
- Induction and Falsifiability
- Models and Theories
- PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY
- Ai Surveillance and Transhumanism
- Data Ethics
- Human Enhancement
- Ethics of Innovation
- Risk and Responsibility
- Human Technology Relationship
- Embodiment and Extension
- POLITICAL AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY
- Liberty and Authority
- Autonomy
- Political Obligation
- Political Ideologies
- Anarchism
- Conservatism
- Liberalism
- Marxism Nineteenth Century Philosophy
- Rights and Citizenship
- Civic Identity
- Human Rights
- Immigration and Nationalism
- Theories of Justice
- Distributive and Retributive Justice
- Rawlsian Theory
Terms & Concepts
Categorical Imperative
Kant’s name for the expression of reason’s supreme moral principle; it commands under all circumstances to either do, or not do, something. It is an ethical directive based on the…
Counterexample
An argument that shares the same form as the original but consists of true premises and a false conclusion. A counterexample shows an argument is invalid, since there is at…
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