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Philosophy Student
By In NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy on the Indian subcontinent between 1000 BC and the early centuries of the first millennium was comprised of six…
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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

CYNICISM

Founded by Antisthenes (c. 445–360 BC), who taught the importance of individual virtue over material luxury, Cynicism was contemptuous of political institutions and organized religion. It rejected refined philosophical speculation…
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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
November 12, 2023

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS

There are some fairly firm distinctions between critical thinking and formal (symbolic) logic texts. Whereas critical thinking focuses broadly on argumentation, formal logic is the study of the principles of…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 23, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS
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Philosophy Branches
December 12, 2023

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy embraces the most ambitious field of inquiry—the universe, including the self and everything both physical and metaphysical. It is impossible to list all the branches of philosophy, which are…
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Traditional Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
December 12, 2023

AESTHETICS

Aesthetics is concerned with the nature of art (whether visual, literary, dramatic, or in some other medium) and the way in which art is experienced. Two principal related issues, therefore,…
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History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…
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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
November 20, 2023

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

The personal essay is a self-reflective search for meaning. Unlike most philosophical writing, it is not argumentative. Instead, it is exploratory and speculative, often even somewhat confessional. It is typically…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

There is no substitute for grappling primary sources. Nevertheless, secondary sources—including scholarly research, literary reviews, historical summaries—are valuable tools. They not only show you how you can begin thinking about…
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STRATEGIC WRITING CHOICESWriting Philosophy
November 18, 2023

STRATEGIC WRITING CHOICES FOR PHILOSOPHY CLASS

Writing philosophy should not be easy, but you cannot allow it to become impossible. Here are five strategic rules of thumb for embarking on a successful writing project for philosophy…
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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGWriting Philosophy
November 19, 2023

OTHER CATEGORIZATIONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

There are other ways of classifying the forms of philosophic writing you may be asked to produce. The most prominent of these are: The Expository Paper The Argumentative Paper The…
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Traditional Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
December 12, 2023

EPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including its nature and its extent, and of justification (that is, whether a belief is formed in a valid way to justify its being…
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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONSHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

As the Middle East is often called the cradle of civilization, it is also the source of some of the earliest philosophical literature. Much of it is devoted to what…
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Logic
November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…
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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
November 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY AS METHOD

Our digital age suggests a useful analogy to further explain the role of philosophy in intellectual life. Philosophy is analogous to an operating system (OS), a software platform that enables…
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By In THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty…
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Logic

Books

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    Lives of the Stoics: The Art of Living from Zeno to Marcus Aurelius

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    Sick Souls, Healthy Minds: How William James Can Save Your Life

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    The Healing Body: Creative Responses to Illness, Aging, and Affliction (Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy)

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    How to Think Like a Roman Emperor

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    The Stoic Challenge: A Philosopher’s Guide to Becoming Tougher, Calmer, and More Resilient

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    The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom

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    Living Together: Inventing Moral Science

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    LSD and the Mind of the Universe: Diamonds from Heaven

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    PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS: Second Edition

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    Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason

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    A Secular Age

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Philosophy Student
By In Atomos

The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker

Introduction In the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the world is confronted with a remarkable paradox: machines, devoid of consciousness,…
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AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical Inquiry

Abstract In this paper, we explore the central Buddhist concepts of karma, rebirth, and the doctrine of non-self (anatta), arguing that these ideas present a comprehensive, coherent metaphysical system that…
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AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and Atheism

Abstract: This paper explores the fundamental differences in how theistic and atheistic worldviews approach key metaphysical concepts such as existence, causality, the nature of being, morality, and the origin of…
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AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical Inquiry

Abstract Imagination, an integral part of human cognition, allows individuals to transcend their immediate sensory experiences and engage with abstract ideas, creativity, and possibilities beyond the present. Despite its essential…
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AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker

Introduction In the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the world is confronted with a remarkable paradox: machines, devoid of consciousness, produce some of the most intricate and profound creations ever…
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AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human Mortality

Introduction The vastness of the universe has long been a source of awe and wonder. With its endless galaxies, stars, and the possibility of unknown life, the cosmos presents us…
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Terms & Concepts

C

Conjunct

A component of a sentence governed by the Boolean connective, conjunction. https://youtube.com/shorts/OhZPnIUdcjA?feature=share
L

Liberty

In political philosophy, one’s ability to act without constraint or coercion, or without fear of punishment from others, especially the state. https://youtube.com/shorts/sD7VeSbGNBg?feature=share
R

Rationalism

The view that knowledge is achieved through reason unaided by experience. https://youtube.com/shorts/oBmX070NWvY?feature=share
S
Social contract
P
Polytheism
M
Modal logic
C
Categorical syllogism
R
Rational
E
Ethics of care
S
Syllogism
R
Rule utilitarianism
A
Analytic philosophy
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