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Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that knowledge of things-inthemselves was impossible, Comte argued that our scientific…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

The personal essay is a self-reflective search for meaning. Unlike most philosophical writing, it is not argumentative. Instead, it is exploratory and speculative, often even somewhat confessional. It is typically…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

MODAL LOGIC

A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed various arguments for their conclusions, including Platonic doubts about the…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The analytic tradition arose partly as a rejection of Hegelian idealism in favor of what George Edward Moore (1873–1958) called a “common sense” view of the world, alongside developments in…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

BIOETHICS

A branch of ethics concerned with the moral and political issues raised by medical science, and with advances in medical technology, bioethics has now become a largely autonomous area of…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

The philosophical system developed by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Transcendental Idealism sought to overcome the epistemological problems of Empiricism while providing a rational justification for Liberalism.

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Logic

November 15, 2023

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

While both the predicate calculus and the modal propositional calculus may be seen as extensions of the basic propositional calculus, there are also a variety of formal languages intended as…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Kant’s philosophy continued to dominate throughout the nineteenth century, although there were increasing concerns about the overall coherence of his system; in particular, there was doubt as to whether the…

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

LOGIC

Logic is concerned with studying the inferences we make, and the formal languages developed to systematize those inferences. This includes both the proof-theories and semantics for these languages, as well…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

The philosophy of law is concerned with all aspects of theoretical reflection on laws and legal systems and therefore encompasses historical and sociological studies in addition to the philosophical questions…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…

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By Philosophy Student In MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

THOMISM

A school of thought based on the work of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Thomism is, like Scholasticism, principally concerned with…

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MODAL LOGIC

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HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

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RELEVANCE LOGICS

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MANY-VALUE LOGICS

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NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

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BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

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Thomas Aquinas: Selected Writings (Penguin Classics)
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Perlas sufíes: Saber y sabor de mevlânâ Rûmî
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How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Matter of fact

David Hume’s term for an empirical claim, which is the result of empirical observation and experience. Also: reasoning experientially, versus via relations of ideas. https://youtube.com/shorts/vG3vbfBRBkM?feature=share

Primary qualities

Those qualities that inhere in, or are inextricable from, their object. https://youtube.com/shorts/7N5v1v0udVI?feature=share

Eliminative materialism

The theory that the terminology of mental states will be abandoned as more is known about the brain. https://youtube.com/shorts/GuHVnxEtQ6M?feature=share

Disjunction

Conjunct

Tautology

Contradictories

False dichotomy

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Truth table

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LOGICAL POSITIVISM

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

MODAL LOGIC

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

BIOETHICS

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

LOGIC

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

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Books

Thomas Aquinas: Selected Writings (Penguin Classics)

No Death, No Fear: Comforting Wisdom for Life

The Art Of War: Complete Text of Sun Tzu’s Classics, Military Strategy History, Ancient Chinese Military Strategist (Deluxe Collection Edition, #1)

Perlas sufíes: Saber y sabor de mevlânâ Rûmî

The Art of Communicating

Fear and Trembling

Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics

Hospitality, Volume I (The Seminars of Jacques Derrida)

Michel de Montaigne – The Complete Essays (Penguin Classics)

Confessions (Penguin Classics)

Philosophy in the Renaissance: An Anthology

Penguin Classics Fear and Trembling: Dialectical Lyric By Johannes De Silentio (Penguin Pocket Hardbacks)

The Aristotle Collection: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics, Poetics, Rhetoric, On Sense and the Sensible, On Memory and Reminiscence, On Sleep and Sleeplessness, On Dreams, On Prophesying by Dreams, On Longevity and Shortness of Life, On Youth and Old Age, & On Life and Death

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How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

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Ethics: An Introduction

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Metaphysics: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Matter of fact

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