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As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students, whose focus is mainly or even exclusively on Western philosophical…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Many of the topics within the philosophy of science overlap with topics in metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language insofar as they apply within our scientific practice. Metaphysical issues,…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Kant’s philosophy continued to dominate throughout the nineteenth century, although there were increasing concerns about the overall coherence of his system; in particular, there was doubt as to whether the…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

The philosophy of law is concerned with all aspects of theoretical reflection on laws and legal systems and therefore encompasses historical and sociological studies in addition to the philosophical questions…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

PYTHAGOREANISM

Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

RATIONALISM

Rationalism designates a variety of philosophical schools maintaining that reason, as opposed to empirical investigation, is the most important method of acquiring knowledge.

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Writing Philosophy

November 22, 2023

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

Writing is work, and for many of us, writing is hard work. Writing philosophy adds to this labor an element of intimidation. Whether you are writing an expository—explanatory and descriptive—essay…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

¬ one-place logical connective read as “not” or as “is not the case” ~ alternative notation for “not” & two-place logical connective read as “and” ˄ and

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

EPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including its nature and its extent, and of justification (that is, whether a belief is formed in a valid way to justify its being…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

There is no substitute for grappling primary sources. Nevertheless, secondary sources—including scholarly research, literary reviews, historical summaries—are valuable tools. They not only show you how you can begin thinking about…

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Writing Philosophy

November 23, 2023

GOOD PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

BASICS OF GOOD PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING: A DEEPER DIVE Having surveyed the elements of good writing from 30,000 feet, let’s swoop in on some of the most important specifics. This means…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?

How do you do philosophy? Unlike many of the questions asked in the name of philosophy, this one has a straightforward answer. You do philosophy primarily through writing. Now, if…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…

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By Philosophy Student In NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA

The dominant philosophical traditions in this part of the world began in Ancient China from the sixth century to 221…

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INTUITIONISM

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BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

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RELEVANCE LOGICS

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PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

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NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

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QUANTUM LOGIC

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Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Second Edition
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How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius
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The Couple’S Tao Te Ching: Ancient Advice for Modern Lovers
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On the Infinite, the Universe and the Worlds: Five Cosmological Dialogues (Collected Works of Giordano Bruno)
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Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets (Incerto)
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Many Lives, Many Masters: The True Story of a Prominent Psychiatrist, His Young Patient, and the Past-Life Therapy That Changed Both Their Lives
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The Journey: Big Panda and Tiny Dragon
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An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding: with Hume’s Abstract of A Treatise of Human Nature and A Letter from a Gentleman to His Friend in Edinburgh (Hackett Classics)
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The World as I See It (Deluxe Hardcover Book)
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The Adventure of French Philosophy
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Cartesian Poetics: The Art of Thinking (Thinking Literature)
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Walden
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How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Existential elimination

In symbolic logic, a valid inference in a system of quantifier rules. An existential claim is“eliminated” by way of a subproof that assumes a name for the claim in question,…

Superaltern

On the Aristotelian or traditional square of opposition, the relation between a universal claimand its corresponding particular (subaltern). https://youtube.com/shorts/ZAf-BP92auc?feature=share

Logic

The systematic study of correct reasoning, including the valid rules of inference. https://youtube.com/shorts/0k2pgzR_upE?feature=share

Truth-functional connective

Cosmopolitanism

Argument

Universal introduction

Begging the question

Absolute space

Doubt

Omnipotent

Contradiction introduction

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

LOGICAL ATOMISM

PYTHAGOREANISM

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

RATIONALISM

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

EPISTEMOLOGY

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

GOOD PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

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Books

William James : Writings 1902-1910 : The Varieties of Religious Experience / Pragmatism / A Pluralistic Universe / The Meaning of Truth / Some Problems of Philosophy / Essays (Library of America)

Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Second Edition

How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius

The Couple’S Tao Te Ching: Ancient Advice for Modern Lovers

On the Infinite, the Universe and the Worlds: Five Cosmological Dialogues (Collected Works of Giordano Bruno)

Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets (Incerto)

Many Lives, Many Masters: The True Story of a Prominent Psychiatrist, His Young Patient, and the Past-Life Therapy That Changed Both Their Lives

The Journey: Big Panda and Tiny Dragon

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding: with Hume’s Abstract of A Treatise of Human Nature and A Letter from a Gentleman to His Friend in Edinburgh (Hackett Classics)

The World as I See It (Deluxe Hardcover Book)

The Adventure of French Philosophy

Cartesian Poetics: The Art of Thinking (Thinking Literature)

Walden

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How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

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Epistemology: An Introduction

Ethics: An Introduction

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Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Existential elimination

Superaltern

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Cosmopolitanism

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Universal introduction

Begging the question

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Omnipotent

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