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Between the 1940s and the 1960s, analytic philosophy shifted away from investigating the (supposed) underlying logical structure of language. While it was still primarily concerned with conceptual analysis, this was…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 19, 2023

THE POSITION PAPER

A position paper may be viewed as a type of argumentative paper in that it states a claim—your position—concerning a topic, issue, or question and presents a justification for that…

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

A group of philosophers, cultural critics, and social scientists based around the Frankfurt (Germany) Institute for Social Research were primarily concerned with integrating philosophical analysis with then-recent results in the…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

ATOMISM

Atomism was founded by Leucippus (who flourished around 440 BC) but was primarily elaborated by Democritus (c. 460-370 BC) as a way of reconciling the Eleatic doctrine of the impossibility…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

This list is aimed at curating those texts that will both challenge a novice researcher, and continually reward repeated encounters as you develop your philosophical interests.

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Kant’s philosophy continued to dominate throughout the nineteenth century, although there were increasing concerns about the overall coherence of his system; in particular, there was doubt as to whether the…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

The philosophical system developed by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Transcendental Idealism sought to overcome the epistemological problems of Empiricism while providing a rational justification for Liberalism.

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

WRITING PHILOSOPHY

How Do You Do Philosophy? Writing Is Central To Philosophy What Philosophy Professors Want From Student Writers What Is Good Writing? What Is Good Philosophical Writing? Grading Criteria for Philosophy…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

The earliest indigenous African philosophy to produce written documents emerged during the seventeenth century, especially in Ethiopia. Zera Yacob (1599–1692), whose Hatata (1667) has been compared to René Descartes’ Discourse…

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

LOGIC

Logic is concerned with studying the inferences we make, and the formal languages developed to systematize those inferences. This includes both the proof-theories and semantics for these languages, as well…

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POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

HEGELIANISM

One common theme in post-Kantian philosophy was an attempt to overcome the remaining divisions between noumena and phenomena, and to reconcile the distinct faculties of sensibility and understanding in to…

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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY AS METHOD

Our digital age suggests a useful analogy to further explain the role of philosophy in intellectual life. Philosophy is analogous to an operating system (OS), a software platform that enables…

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Writing Philosophy

November 22, 2023

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

Writing is work, and for many of us, writing is hard work. Writing philosophy adds to this labor an element of intimidation. Whether you are writing an expository—explanatory and descriptive—essay…

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History Of Philosophy ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that knowledge of things-inthemselves was impossible, Comte argued that our scientific…

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By Philosophy Student In NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students,…

Logic

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

Logic

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

Logic

QUANTUM LOGIC

Logic

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

Logic

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

Books

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The Call to God: An Arabic Critical Edition and English Translation of Epistle 48 (Epistles of the Brethren of Purity)
$85.00
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Philosophy: 50 Essential Ideas
$9.40
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The Agony of Eros (Untimely Meditations)
$11.92
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Infinite Potential: The Greatest Works of Neville Goddard
$84.48
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The Art Of War
$6.49
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Creative Visualization: Use the Power of Your Imagination to Create What You Want in Your Life
$10.99
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On the Genealogy of Morals (Penguin Classics)
$10.79
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The Stoic Challenge: A Philosopher’s Guide to Becoming Tougher, Calmer, and More Resilient
$12.99
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That Not Impossible She: A critical study of gender and individualism in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
$9.99
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The Heart of the Buddha’s Teaching: Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy, and Liberation
$12.19
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The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas that Have Shaped Our World View
$15.69
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The Illustrated Walden: Thoreau Bicentennial Edition
$12.94
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Knowledge and Beauty in Classical Islam (Routledge Studies in Islamic Philosophy)
$48.95

The Atomos Blog

Atomos

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

Philosophy Student

Atomos

Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

Philosophy Student

Happiness calculus (felicity calculus or hedonic calculus)

Utilitarian thinker Jeremy Bentham’s (1748-1832) quantitative method of determining an action’s total yield of pleasures and pains, and, thus, its moral value. https://youtube.com/shorts/gTXZrMBrLtI?feature=share

Argument

The reasoning process constituted by a series of statements, one of which (the conclusion) is inferred from the other statement(s). In formal logic, the word has two senses: 1) A…

Qualia

The qualitative (and non-intentional) properties of mental states that determine “what it is like” to, for example, experience pain. Proponents of qualia maintain that such facts are irreducible to physical…

Minor term

First-order logic

Myth of the given

Phenomenal

Samsara

Noumenal

Double effect, doctrine of

Universalizability

Ethical relativism

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ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY

THE POSITION PAPER

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

ATOMISM

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

WRITING PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

LOGIC

HEGELIANISM

PHILOSOPHY AS METHOD

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

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The Atomos Blog

Logic

Books

The Call to God: An Arabic Critical Edition and English Translation of Epistle 48 (Epistles of the Brethren of Purity)

Philosophy: 50 Essential Ideas

The Agony of Eros (Untimely Meditations)

Infinite Potential: The Greatest Works of Neville Goddard

The Art Of War

Creative Visualization: Use the Power of Your Imagination to Create What You Want in Your Life

On the Genealogy of Morals (Penguin Classics)

The Stoic Challenge: A Philosopher’s Guide to Becoming Tougher, Calmer, and More Resilient

That Not Impossible She: A critical study of gender and individualism in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

The Heart of the Buddha’s Teaching: Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy, and Liberation

The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas that Have Shaped Our World View

The Illustrated Walden: Thoreau Bicentennial Edition

Knowledge and Beauty in Classical Islam (Routledge Studies in Islamic Philosophy)

The Atomos Blog

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

The Threshold

Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark Paper

What Does the Mind Really Mean?

The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity

Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?

Natural Function and Perceptual Content

Philosophy of Law: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

Aesthetics: An Introduction

Epistemology: An Introduction

Ethics: An Introduction

Logic: An Introduction

Metaphysics: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

The Atomos Blog

Terms & Concepts

Happiness calculus (felicity calculus or hedonic calculus)

Argument

Qualia

Minor term

First-order logic

Myth of the given

Phenomenal

Samsara

Noumenal

Double effect, doctrine of

Universalizability

Ethical relativism

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