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The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

HERMENEUTICS

Originally applied to scriptural exegesis (interpretation), hermeneutics is more generally the theory and method of all “textual” interpretation. In the modern context, this refers to both verbal and non-verbal “texts”…

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POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

UTILITARIANISM

The French Revolution sparked legal and political reforms across Europe, which brought with them their accompanying philosophical frameworks.

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

The earliest indigenous African philosophy to produce written documents emerged during the seventeenth century, especially in Ethiopia. Zera Yacob (1599–1692), whose Hatata (1667) has been compared to René Descartes’ Discourse…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

METAPHYSICS

Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of reality, including the nature of the world and the entities it contains. While such an investigation inevitably overlaps with natural philosophy—the sciences, especially physics…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

As with developing any skill, learning to write philosophically takes practice. Here are some links to academic sites, along with several style guides, to aid you.

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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 12, 2023

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

Philosophical thought during the Enlightenment was characterized by a rejection of existing sources of authority. The broadly Aristotelean scientific worldview was undermined by a period of scientific revolution—conventionally beginning with…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

BIOETHICS

A branch of ethics concerned with the moral and political issues raised by medical science, and with advances in medical technology, bioethics has now become a largely autonomous area of…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The analytic tradition arose partly as a rejection of Hegelian idealism in favor of what George Edward Moore (1873–1958) called a “common sense” view of the world, alongside developments in…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 19, 2023

THE ARGUMENTATIVE PAPER

Essays of assertion, affirmation, and refutation are all examples of the argumentative paper. An effective argument relies on factually true premises or premises for which you have strong support.

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

An important historical branch designation rather than a current one, natural philosophy was the study of nature and the physical universe by philosophical (that is, largely empirical reason-based) methods.

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

CYNICISM

Founded by Antisthenes (c. 445–360 BC), who taught the importance of individual virtue over material luxury, Cynicism was contemptuous of political institutions and organized religion. It rejected refined philosophical speculation…

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History Of Philosophy CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

ARISTOTLE

Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in Stagira but moved to Athens as a young man to study at Plato’s Academy. Following Plato’s death, Aristotle traveled, became tutor to Alexander the…

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By Philosophy Student In CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY

CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

While the focus of western philosophy has primarily been on the analysis and understanding of our most basic concepts, another…

Logic

INTUITIONISM

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

Logic

RELEVANCE LOGICS

Logic

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

Logic

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

Logic

MODAL LOGIC

Books

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Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras
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Manifesto for Philosophy: Followed by Two Essays: “the (Re)Turn of Philosophy Itself” and “Definition of Philosophy” (Suny Series, Intersections, Philosophy and Critical Theory)
$31.95
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Perspectives on Pragmatism: Classical, Recent, and Contemporary
$46.00
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The Self and Its Pleasures: Bataille, Lacan, and the History of the Decentered Subject
$16.95
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The Prince | Niccolò Machiavelli
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How We Live Is How We Die
$16.99
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ESSENTIALISM: Free Yourself From Clutter, Debt, Stress – Rediscover The Power Of Less With a Stoic Mind: The art of flying away from superfluous
$13.34
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A Comprehensive Guide to Daoist Nei Gong
$33.96
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Unfashionable Observations (COMPLETE WORKS OF FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE)
$98.88
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How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking
$11.49
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Essays of Michel De Montaigne
$7.95
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The Immanence of Truths: Being and Event III
$24.16
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Stoicism and the Art of Happiness: Practical Wisdom for Everyday Life (Teach Yourself)
$11.29

Terms & Concepts

Deontology

From the Greek, the study of duty. https://youtube.com/shorts/PQFuy5SvVds?feature=share

Karma

Literally, “action”: the Hindu view of causation. https://youtube.com/shorts/je5-Ef6D48U?feature=share

Inductive argument

An argument from experience; experiential inferences; contrasted with Deductive argument.Inductive arguments do not reflect the guaranteed truth of the conclusion claimed indeductive arguments. Instead, the conclusion is probably true. https://youtube.com/shorts/hU-NIFkS_bQ?feature=share