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As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students, whose focus is mainly or even exclusively on Western philosophical…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 15, 2023

EMPIRICISM

Empiricism covers a range of views prioritizing experience as the primary source of knowledge. During the Early Modern Period, this view was expounded by the so-called British Empiricists—Locke, Berkeley, and…

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History Of Philosophy CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

ARISTOTLE

Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in Stagira but moved to Athens as a young man to study at Plato’s Academy. Following Plato’s death, Aristotle traveled, became tutor to Alexander the…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

CYNICISM

Founded by Antisthenes (c. 445–360 BC), who taught the importance of individual virtue over material luxury, Cynicism was contemptuous of political institutions and organized religion. It rejected refined philosophical speculation…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…

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Writing Philosophy

November 22, 2023

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

Writing is work, and for many of us, writing is hard work. Writing philosophy adds to this labor an element of intimidation. Whether you are writing an expository—explanatory and descriptive—essay…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 20, 2023

FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

The word essay comes from the French infinitive verb essayer, meaning “to try” or “to attempt.” In fact, when the word was first borrowed into the English language, as essay,…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.

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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

The Medieval Period is usually dated between the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476)and the beginning of the Renaissance (c. 1300). In terms of philosophy, the period begins inthe…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty of its subjects, Liberalism is generally traced to John Locke…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

WRITING IS CENTRAL TO PHILOSOPHY

For the great majority of us, writing is instrumental to thinking. Since it is reasonable to describe philosophy as the application of disciplined thought to a variety of topics, issues,…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

BIOETHICS

A branch of ethics concerned with the moral and political issues raised by medical science, and with advances in medical technology, bioethics has now become a largely autonomous area of…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed various arguments for their conclusions, including Platonic doubts about the…

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By Philosophy Student In CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY

CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

While the focus of western philosophy has primarily been on the analysis and understanding of our most basic concepts, another…

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MANY-VALUE LOGICS

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BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

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PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

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HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

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RELEVANCE LOGICS

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PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

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Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon (Translation/Transnation, 35)
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Theologico-Political Treatise
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God Can’t: How to Believe in God and Love after Tragedy, Abuse, and Other Evils
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The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity
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Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson
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Michel de Montaigne – The Complete Essays (Penguin Classics)
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This Is Water: Some Thoughts, Delivered on a Significant Occasion, about Living a Compassionate Life
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A Brief History of Thought: A Philosophical Guide to Living (Learning to Live)
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Emerson’s Essays: The Complete First & Second Series
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The Beginning of Western Philosophy: Interpretation of Anaximander and Parmenides (Studies in Continental Thought)
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Basic Writings of Existentialism (Modern Library Classics)
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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Logic

The systematic study of correct reasoning, including the valid rules of inference. https://youtube.com/shorts/0k2pgzR_upE?feature=share

Positive right

An entitlement to something. That which obligates another to do or provide something for the holder of a positive right, so that this individual may pursue their interests. https://youtube.com/shorts/a8FTvDXbVnI?feature=share

Appeal to force or fear (ad baculum)

An informal fallacy constituted by using a threat, rather than relevant reasons, to get someone to accept a claim. https://youtube.com/shorts/U2khsFkZHmg?feature=share

Authority

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Noumenal

Proposition

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Implication

Identity of indiscernibles

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

EMPIRICISM

ARISTOTLE

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

CYNICISM

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

LIBERALISM

WRITING IS CENTRAL TO PHILOSOPHY

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SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

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Books

Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon (Translation/Transnation, 35)

Theologico-Political Treatise

God Can’t: How to Believe in God and Love after Tragedy, Abuse, and Other Evils

The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity

Doubt: A History: The Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson

Michel de Montaigne – The Complete Essays (Penguin Classics)

This Is Water: Some Thoughts, Delivered on a Significant Occasion, about Living a Compassionate Life

A Brief History of Thought: A Philosophical Guide to Living (Learning to Live)

Emerson’s Essays: The Complete First & Second Series

The Beginning of Western Philosophy: Interpretation of Anaximander and Parmenides (Studies in Continental Thought)

Basic Writings of Existentialism (Modern Library Classics)

Print Handwriting Workbook for Teens: Improve your printing handwriting & practice print penmanship workbook for teens and tweens

The Socratic Dialogues Early Period, Volume 2: Gorgias, Protagoras, Meno, Euthydemus, Lesser Hippias, Greater Hippias

Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras

Art as experience,

On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense

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Instrumental goods

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Identity of indiscernibles

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