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A Must Have Book For Every Philosophy Student
History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

ATOMISM

Atomism was founded by Leucippus (who flourished around 440 BC) but was primarily elaborated by Democritus (c. 460-370 BC) as a way of reconciling the Eleatic doctrine of the impossibility…
CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

PLATO

Plato (427–347 BC) was born into a powerful family in Athens but abandoned politics after the execution of his teacher, Socrates; he subsequently traveled, became influenced by the Pythagoreans, and…
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
November 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY AS METHOD

Our digital age suggests a useful analogy to further explain the role of philosophy in intellectual life. Philosophy is analogous to an operating system (OS), a software platform that enables…
Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of Philosophy
December 12, 2023

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Political philosophy is at least as old as Plato (428/227 or 424/423-348/347 BC) and is concerned with the nature of the state and, more broadly, with coercive institutions, and their…
Logic
November 15, 2023

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

While both the predicate calculus and the modal propositional calculus may be seen as extensions of the basic propositional calculus, there are also a variety of formal languages intended as…
History Of PhilosophyTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
November 15, 2023

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

The philosophical system developed by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Transcendental Idealism sought to overcome the epistemological problems of Empiricism while providing a rational justification for Liberalism.
Philosophy Branches
December 12, 2023

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy embraces the most ambitious field of inquiry—the universe, including the self and everything both physical and metaphysical. It is impossible to list all the branches of philosophy, which are…
History Of PhilosophyPOST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY
November 15, 2023

PRAGMATISM

Pragmatism was a philosophical movement in the United States concerned with the relationship between abstract theory and practical activity, and with the value of philosophical reflection.
History Of PhilosophyTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
November 15, 2023

RATIONALISM

Rationalism designates a variety of philosophical schools maintaining that reason, as opposed to empirical investigation, is the most important method of acquiring knowledge.
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…
CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

STOICISM

Founded by Zeno of Citium (334–262 BC), early Stoicism shared many similarities with Epicureanism, including the belief that the world was largely deterministic and that the overall goal of the…
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
November 15, 2023

NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students, whose focus is mainly or even exclusively on Western philosophical…
History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

THE ELEATIC SCHOOL

Based in the Ionian colony of Elea (modern-day Velia) in southern Italy, and primarily associated with Parmenides (early fifth century BC) and Melissus of Samos (mid fifth century BC), the…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

This list is aimed at curating those texts that will both challenge a novice researcher, and continually reward repeated encounters as you develop your philosophical interests.
History Of PhilosophyNON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
November 15, 2023

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

The earliest indigenous African philosophy to produce written documents emerged during the seventeenth century, especially in Ethiopia. Zera Yacob (1599–1692), whose Hatata (1667) has been compared to René Descartes’ Discourse…

Books

  • The Ultimate Stoicism Collection: Letters from a Stoic (All 124 Letters), Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, The Enchiridion, Of Peace of Mind, Of Anger, Of Providence, The Discourses of Epictetus, The Golden Sayings of Epictetus, Fragments Attributed to Epictetus, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers: The Stoics, & Marcus Aurelius Biography

    $28.99
  • What We Owe the Future

    $15.99
  • Reflections on the Revolution in France: [Original Version]

    $6.12
  • A Book Forged in Hell: Spinoza’s Scandalous Treatise and the Birth of the Secular Age

    $8.20
  • The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius (Shambhala Pocket Library)

    $12.95
  • The School of Life: An Emotional Education: An Emotional Education

    $12.99
  • The Theory of the Infinitely Improbable: AI, Relativity and Girard

    $19.75
  • The I Ching Workbook

    $18.79
  • ESSENTIALISM: Free Yourself From Clutter, Debt, Stress – Rediscover The Power Of Less With a Stoic Mind: The art of flying away from superfluous

    $13.34
  • Games: Agency As Art (Thinking Art)

    $44.99
  • Fear and Trembling

    $7.20
  • Life As Told by a Sapiens to a Neanderthal

    $18.00
  • How to Think Like a Roman Emperor

    $13.59
  • God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything

    $24.78
  • Domestic Extremist: A Practical Guide to Winning the Culture War

    $18.79
  • The Bhagavad Gita (Penguin Classics)

    $10.49

Terms & Concepts

L

Logical operator

A logical symbol that operates on a statement, the result of which, in combination with the statement’s truth value, makes the statement true or false. https://youtube.com/shorts/tCR_Q1ccey4?feature=share
A

Analects

Literally, “selected sayings” attributed to Confucius, this text constitutes the founding philosophical document of Confucianism. https://youtube.com/shorts/jXYFZwQ5ePE?feature=share
Q

Quantifier

In symbolic logic, there are two quantifier symbols, which refer to quantified expressions: ∀(universal), x (universal), and ∃ (existential). In categorical logic, there are two types of quantified claim: universal…
S
Sense-reference distinction
F
Feminist ethics
S
Sophists
D
Divine command theory
T
Thick concept
E
Empiricism
A
Attribute
S
Secondary quality
A
Anicca
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