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Philosophy Student
By In Logic

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

In the classical logics already discussed, the logical connectives are taken to be bivalent—that is, they allow of only two…
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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

STRUCTURALISM

Structuralism refers to research undertaken in the social sciences, predominantly in France, between the 1950s and 1970s, which sought to understand various social phenomena as a “closed system” of elements.
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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
November 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY AS METHOD

Our digital age suggests a useful analogy to further explain the role of philosophy in intellectual life. Philosophy is analogous to an operating system (OS), a software platform that enables…
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Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of Philosophy
December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

The philosophy of law is concerned with all aspects of theoretical reflection on laws and legal systems and therefore encompasses historical and sociological studies in addition to the philosophical questions…
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Logic
November 15, 2023

QUANTUM LOGIC

Most non-classical logics are motivated by either philosophical considerations, such as the metaphysical status of the future, or technical concerns about the neutrality of the logical connectives or the notion…
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History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

THE SOPHISTS

The Sophists were not a single school but a professional grouping of largely itinerant teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and legal argumentation. Their importance lies not in any specific doctrines but…
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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

EXISTENTIALISM

A broad philosophical and literary movement that flourished during the first half of the twentieth century, Existentialism emphasized the uniqueness of human experience over the generalizations of traditional scientific or…
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Logic
November 15, 2023

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…
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Philosophy Branches
December 12, 2023

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy embraces the most ambitious field of inquiry—the universe, including the self and everything both physical and metaphysical. It is impossible to list all the branches of philosophy, which are…
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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONSHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

The earliest indigenous African philosophy to produce written documents emerged during the seventeenth century, especially in Ethiopia. Zera Yacob (1599–1692), whose Hatata (1667) has been compared to René Descartes’ Discourse…
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Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…
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Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS

The philosophy of mathematics is traditionally concerned with the ontological and epistemological foundations of mathematics. The two questions, of ontology and epistemology, are intimately related, as a satisfactory account of…
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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

The Medieval Period is usually dated between the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476)and the beginning of the Renaissance (c. 1300). In terms of philosophy, the period begins inthe…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

This list is aimed at curating those texts that will both challenge a novice researcher, and continually reward repeated encounters as you develop your philosophical interests.
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History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…
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POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

HEGELIANISM

One common theme in post-Kantian philosophy was an attempt to overcome the remaining divisions between noumena and phenomena, and to reconcile the distinct faculties of sensibility and understanding in to…
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Philosophy Student
By In CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

A group of philosophers, cultural critics, and social scientists based around the Frankfurt (Germany) Institute for Social Research were primarily…
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Logic

Books

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    The Art of Living a Meaningless Existence: Ideas from Philosophy That Change the Way You Think

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    Either/Or: A Fragment of Life (Penguin Classics)

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    Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for Everyone and No One (Penguin Classics)

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    Many Lives, Many Masters: The True Story of a Prominent Psychiatrist, His Young Patient, and the Past-Life Therapy That Changed Both Their Lives

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    Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry Into Values

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    En brazos del amado

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    Love, Divine and Human: Contemporary Essays in Systematic and Philosophical Theology

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    The Complete Works of Nietzsche

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    Jacques Derrida and the Humanities: A Critical Reader

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    Cosmic Queries: StarTalk’s Guide to Who We Are, How We Got Here, and Where We’re Going

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    Meditations (Deluxe Hardcover Book)

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    The Holy Science

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    Alarms And Discursions

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    Courage To Be Disliked

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    How to Know a Person: The Art of Seeing Others Deeply and Being Deeply Seen (Random House Large Print)

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    On Human Nature

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Terms & Concepts

S

Soft determinism

The view that human freedom (in some sense) is compatible with determinism. (See alsoCompatibilism.) https://youtube.com/shorts/eZSiAlHH6sY?feature=share
C

Coherence

Fitting together in a logical, orderly fashion. https://youtube.com/shorts/yIxfu3wVcW4?feature=share
S

Supervenience

A set of properties of one type (such as mental properties) are said to be supervenient on a set of properties of another type (such as brain states) if and…
M
Major term
U
Upanishads
T
Turing Test
L
Logical possibility (Logically possible statement)
C
Claim
E
Empirical ego
G
Generalization from experience (or Inductive generalization)
I
Invalid
D
Dolor
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