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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
November 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY AS METHOD

Our digital age suggests a useful analogy to further explain the role of philosophy in intellectual life. Philosophy is analogous to an operating system (OS), a software platform that enables…
Logic
November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS

There are some fairly firm distinctions between critical thinking and formal (symbolic) logic texts. Whereas critical thinking focuses broadly on argumentation, formal logic is the study of the principles of…
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
November 15, 2023

NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students, whose focus is mainly or even exclusively on Western philosophical…
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
November 12, 2023

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

Logic
November 15, 2023

MODAL LOGIC

A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

EXISTENTIALISM

A broad philosophical and literary movement that flourished during the first half of the twentieth century, Existentialism emphasized the uniqueness of human experience over the generalizations of traditional scientific or…
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

STRUCTURALISM

Structuralism refers to research undertaken in the social sciences, predominantly in France, between the 1950s and 1970s, which sought to understand various social phenomena as a “closed system” of elements.
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

Textbooks on critical thinking and logic.
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that knowledge of things-inthemselves was impossible, Comte argued that our scientific…
Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
November 14, 2023

BIOETHICS

A branch of ethics concerned with the moral and political issues raised by medical science, and with advances in medical technology, bioethics has now become a largely autonomous area of…
STRATEGIC WRITING CHOICESWriting Philosophy
November 18, 2023

STRATEGIC WRITING CHOICES FOR PHILOSOPHY CLASS

Writing philosophy should not be easy, but you cannot allow it to become impossible. Here are five strategic rules of thumb for embarking on a successful writing project for philosophy…
Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of Philosophy
December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

The philosophy of law is concerned with all aspects of theoretical reflection on laws and legal systems and therefore encompasses historical and sociological studies in addition to the philosophical questions…
Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

WRITING PHILOSOPHY

How Do You Do Philosophy? Writing Is Central To Philosophy What Philosophy Professors Want From Student Writers What Is Good Writing? What Is Good Philosophical Writing? Grading Criteria for Philosophy…

Books

  • Hardship and Happiness (The Complete Works of Lucius Annaeus Seneca)

    $93.30
  • Plato: Five Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo (Hackett Classics)

    $10.50
  • The Expulsion of the Other: Society, Perception and Communication Today

    $14.95
  • The Magick of Aleister Crowley: A Handbook of the Rituals of Thelema

    $34.62
  • A Word to the Broken: An encouragement to those who have endured loss, pain, and betrayal.

    $13.99
  • Meditations

    $8.99
  • The Art Of War

    $6.49
  • Think Like a Monk: Train Your Mind for Peace and Purpose Every Day

    $15.07
  • Medieval Cosmology: Theories of Infinity, Place, Time, Void, and the Plurality of Worlds

    $46.90
  • The Superhumanities: Historical Precedents, Moral Objections, New Realities

    $29.34
  • Leibowitz and Levinas: Between Judaism and Universalism

    $82.15
  • Sufis of Andalucia

    $44.95
  • The Gift of Death, Second Edition & Literature in Secret (Religion and Postmodernism)

    $16.29
  • The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories

    $56.17
  • Pensées (Dover Thrift Editions: Philosophy)

    $7.00
  • The Moral Problem

    $45.99

Terms & Concepts

S

Subjective truth (subjectivity)

Søren Kierkegaard’s (1813-1855) view that “truth is subjectivity” is not to be confused with relativism, which is the view that something is true because one believes it. Instead,subjective truth is…
D

Dutch Book Theorem

A Dutch Book is a combination of bets for which an individual is guaranteed to lose money regardless of the outcome. The Dutch Book Theorem states that such a combination…
I

Informal proof

An ordinary language demonstration of a claim. https://youtube.com/shorts/Ey6-BLUYOQU?feature=share
D
Data
E
Ethics
F
First-order contradiction
N
Noumenal
A
Ambiguity
N
Naturalism
F
Fatalism
L
Leibniz’s Law
P
Phenomenology
View All