Skip to main content
search
History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Kant’s philosophy continued to dominate throughout the nineteenth century, although there were increasing concerns about the overall coherence of his system; in particular, there was doubt as to whether the…
Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of Philosophy
December 12, 2023

METAPHYSICS

Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of reality, including the nature of the world and the entities it contains. While such an investigation inevitably overlaps with natural philosophy—the sciences, especially physics…
Logic
November 15, 2023

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

While both the predicate calculus and the modal propositional calculus may be seen as extensions of the basic propositional calculus, there are also a variety of formal languages intended as…
Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

WHAT PHILOSOPHY PROFESSORS WANT FROM STUDENT WRITERS

Some 2,300 years ago, Aristotle introduced the syllogism into the intellectual world. A threeelement formula, it is the elementary building block of syllogistic logic and deductive reasoning. The syllogism combines…
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGWriting Philosophy
November 19, 2023

THE ARGUMENTATIVE PAPER

Essays of assertion, affirmation, and refutation are all examples of the argumentative paper. An effective argument relies on factually true premises or premises for which you have strong support.
Logic
November 15, 2023

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…
History Of PhilosophyTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
November 15, 2023

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty of its subjects, Liberalism is generally traced to John Locke…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

A comprehensive list of essential readings in the history of philosophy.
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…
History Of PhilosophyMEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
November 15, 2023

SAINT AUGUSTINE

Like his contemporaries, Saint Augustine (354–430) was primarily influenced by Neoplatonism, and, indeed, credited Plotinus with helping him to understand Christian theology.
History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

THE SOPHISTS

The Sophists were not a single school but a professional grouping of largely itinerant teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and legal argumentation. Their importance lies not in any specific doctrines but…
History Of PhilosophyNON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
November 15, 2023

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

The earliest indigenous African philosophy to produce written documents emerged during the seventeenth century, especially in Ethiopia. Zera Yacob (1599–1692), whose Hatata (1667) has been compared to René Descartes’ Discourse…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS

There are some fairly firm distinctions between critical thinking and formal (symbolic) logic texts. Whereas critical thinking focuses broadly on argumentation, formal logic is the study of the principles of…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

As with developing any skill, learning to write philosophically takes practice. Here are some links to academic sites, along with several style guides, to aid you.
CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

CYNICISM

Founded by Antisthenes (c. 445–360 BC), who taught the importance of individual virtue over material luxury, Cynicism was contemptuous of political institutions and organized religion. It rejected refined philosophical speculation…

Books

  • In Search Of The Miraculous (Harvest Book)

    $13.59
  • Tentacles Longer Than Night: Horror of Philosophy (Vol 3) (Horror of Philosophy, 3)

    $18.95
  • Truth and Method (Bloomsbury Revelations)

    $34.95
  • Meditations – The Classical Translation by George Long (Reader’s Library Classics)

    $5.66
  • Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984, Vol. 1)

    $15.99
  • Art as Experience

    $14.58
  • The Fearless Heart: The Practice of Living with Courage and Compassion

    $13.99
  • Determined: A Science of Life without Free Will

    $23.49
  • American Sage: The Spiritual Teachings of Ralph Waldo Emerson

    $90.00
  • Aquinas and Modern Science: A New Synthesis of Faith and Reason

    $30.00
  • Why Information Grows

    $12.79
  • Meditations on First Philosophy (Hackett Classics)

    $10.00
  • The Stoic way of Life: The ultimate guide of Stoicism to make your everyday modern life Calm, Confident & Positive – Master the Art of Living, Emotional Resilience & Perseverance (Mastering Stoicism)

    $14.97
  • The Political Thought of Sayyid Qutb: The Theory of Jahiliyyah (Routledge Studies in Political Islam)

    $68.95
  • The Will to Power

    $6.99
  • Hellenistic Astrology: The Study of Fate and Fortune

    $42.42

Terms & Concepts

G

General conditional proof

In symbolic logic, a valid inference in a system of quantifier rules. From the assumption that an individually named thing has a specific property, an inference is drawn that that…
P

Presupposition

The requirement for a statement to have a truth value; that is, to be a claim. Also: that which is presupposed. https://youtube.com/shorts/T2VwFpbGPWw?feature=share
S

Social contract

A political philosophy concept or theory, originating in the Age of Enlightenment, which concerns the legitimacy of state authority over the individual. The term takes its name from The Social…
A
Argument from design
S
State of nature
Q
Qualities
P
Prime Mover
E
Egoism (or psychological egoism)
M
Moral reasoning
S
Semantic holism
T
Tao (Dao)
C
Contraries
View All