POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Political philosophy is at least as old as Plato (428/227 or 424/423-348/347 BC) and is concerned with the nature of the state and, more broadly, with coercive institutions, and their…
PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE
The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant…
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PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA
PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA
The dominant philosophical traditions in this part of the world began in Ancient China from the sixth century to 221 BC, which saw the development of China’s great philosophical movements…
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
The analytic tradition arose partly as a rejection of Hegelian idealism in favor of what George Edward Moore (1873–1958) called a “common sense” view of the world, alongside developments in…
SAINT AUGUSTINE
SAINT AUGUSTINE
Like his contemporaries, Saint Augustine (354–430) was primarily influenced by Neoplatonism, and, indeed, credited Plotinus with helping him to understand Christian theology.
MODAL LOGIC
MODAL LOGIC
A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…
GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS
GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS
The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…
POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Kant’s philosophy continued to dominate throughout the nineteenth century, although there were increasing concerns about the overall coherence of his system; in particular, there was doubt as to whether the…
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students, whose focus is mainly or even exclusively on Western philosophical…
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy embraces the most ambitious field of inquiry—the universe, including the self and everything both physical and metaphysical. It is impossible to list all the branches of philosophy, which are…
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy on the Indian subcontinent between 1000 BC and the early centuries of the first millennium was comprised of six major schools of Hindu philosophy (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa,…
LIBERALISM
LIBERALISM
A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty of its subjects, Liberalism is generally traced to John Locke…
LOGIC
LOGIC
Logic is concerned with studying the inferences we make, and the formal languages developed to systematize those inferences. This includes both the proof-theories and semantics for these languages, as well…
THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL
THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL
A group of philosophers, cultural critics, and social scientists based around the Frankfurt (Germany) Institute for Social Research were primarily concerned with integrating philosophical analysis with then-recent results in the…
METAPHYSICS
METAPHYSICS
Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of reality, including the nature of the world and the entities it contains. While such an investigation inevitably overlaps with natural philosophy—the sciences, especially physics…
LOGICAL ATOMISM
LOGICAL ATOMISM
Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…
HEGELIANISM
One common theme in post-Kantian philosophy was an attempt to overcome the remaining divisions between noumena and phenomena, and to…
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The Atomos Blog
Philosophy of Law: An Introduction
Philosophy of Law: An Introduction
Philosophy of Law: An Introduction
Philosophy of Law: An Introduction
Philosophy of Science: An Introduction
Philosophy of Science: An Introduction
Aesthetics: An Introduction
Aesthetics: An Introduction
Epistemology: An Introduction
Epistemology: An Introduction
Ethics: An Introduction
Ethics: An Introduction
Logic: An Introduction
Logic: An Introduction
Metaphysics: An Introduction
Metaphysics: An Introduction
Philosophy of History: An Introduction
Philosophy of History: An Introduction
Philosophy of Language: An Introduction
Philosophy of Language: An Introduction
Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction
Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction
Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction
Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction
Political and Social Philosophy: An Introduction
Political and Social Philosophy: An Introduction
Environmental Philosophy: An Introduction
Environmental Philosophy: An Introduction
Existentialism and Phenomenology: An Introduction
Existentialism and Phenomenology: An Introduction
Feminist Philosophy: An Introduction
Feminist Philosophy: An Introduction
Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction
Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction
Terms & Concepts
Sophists
Ancient Greek philosophers and teachers, living before and during the era of Socrates (c.470-399 BC), who taught logic and rhetoric for money; Plato (428/427-348/347 BC) accused them of obscuring rather…
Double effect, doctrine of
The view that there is a morally relevant distinction between the intended consequences of an action and their unintended (even if foreseeable) consequences. This allows greater scope for ethical action…
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