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There are some fairly firm distinctions between critical thinking and formal (symbolic) logic texts. Whereas critical thinking focuses broadly on argumentation, formal logic is the study of the principles of…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

¬ one-place logical connective read as “not” or as “is not the case” ~ alternative notation for “not” & two-place logical connective read as “and” ˄ and

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

An important historical branch designation rather than a current one, natural philosophy was the study of nature and the physical universe by philosophical (that is, largely empirical reason-based) methods.

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Logic

November 15, 2023

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…

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History Of Philosophy CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

ARISTOTLE

Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in Stagira but moved to Athens as a young man to study at Plato’s Academy. Following Plato’s death, Aristotle traveled, became tutor to Alexander the…

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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 24, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS

Note: Some of these titles may be difficult to find, either in DVD format or streaming. Film Animation Animal Farm (1954)Based on George Orwell’s novel of the same name, farm…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

METAPHYSICS

Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of reality, including the nature of the world and the entities it contains. While such an investigation inevitably overlaps with natural philosophy—the sciences, especially physics…

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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

SCHOLASTICISM

A general term for those philosophers influenced by the medieval rediscovery of classic texts, Scholasticism is broadly characterized by an interest in logic and disputation and is motivated to resolve…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 19, 2023

OTHER CATEGORIZATIONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

There are other ways of classifying the forms of philosophic writing you may be asked to produce. The most prominent of these are: The Expository Paper The Argumentative Paper The…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE SOPHISTS

The Sophists were not a single school but a professional grouping of largely itinerant teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and legal argumentation. Their importance lies not in any specific doctrines but…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed various arguments for their conclusions, including Platonic doubts about the…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

Textbooks on critical thinking and logic.

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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

The Medieval Period is usually dated between the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476)and the beginning of the Renaissance (c. 1300). In terms of philosophy, the period begins inthe…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…

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By Philosophy Student In NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy on the Indian subcontinent between 1000 BC and the early centuries of the first millennium was comprised of six…

Logic

RELEVANCE LOGICS

Logic

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

Logic

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

Logic

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

Logic

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

Books

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The Gang of Three: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (Ancient Wisdom)
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Analytic Philosophy and Avicenna (Routledge Studies in Islamic Philosophy)
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Letters from a Stoic (Penguin Classics)
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The Complete Essays of Montaigne
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Kripke
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The Logical Alien: Conant and His Critics
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Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays, The
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New Iranian Plays (World Drama)
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The Places That Scare You: A Guide to Fearlessness in Difficult Times (Deckled Edge)
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The Beauty of Games (Playful Thinking)
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Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers (Richard Rorty: Philosophical Papers Set 4 Paperbacks) (Volume 3)
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Heidegger and the Destruction of Aristotle: On How to Read the Tradition (Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy)
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God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything
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Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and Its Attainment
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How to Think Like a Woman: Four Women Philosophers Who Taught Me How to Love the Life of the Mind
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This Incredible Need to Believe (European Perspectives: A Series in Social Thought and Cultural Criticism)
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The Atomos Blog

Atomos

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Datum

Latin (singular) for “what is given.” https://youtube.com/shorts/1bx6ybHJkhg?feature=share

Communism

The political theory derived from Marx’s argument in favor of a class war that would result in publicly owned property and “each works and is supported according to his abilities…

Duhem-Quine Thesis

The claim that since physical theories are never tested in isolation and any experimental failure can always be accommodated by making adjustments among the auxiliary theories involved. It follows from…

First-order contradiction

Coherence

Major term

Reflexive property

Fatalism

Formal fallacy

Contradiction introduction

Being

Monotheism

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INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

ARISTOTLE

PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS

METAPHYSICS

SCHOLASTICISM

OTHER CATEGORIZATIONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

THE SOPHISTS

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

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Books

biographies

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The Atomos Blog

Logic

Books

The Gang of Three: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (Ancient Wisdom)

Analytic Philosophy and Avicenna (Routledge Studies in Islamic Philosophy)

Letters from a Stoic (Penguin Classics)

The Complete Essays of Montaigne

Kripke

The Logical Alien: Conant and His Critics

Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays, The

New Iranian Plays (World Drama)

The Places That Scare You: A Guide to Fearlessness in Difficult Times (Deckled Edge)

The Beauty of Games (Playful Thinking)

Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers (Richard Rorty: Philosophical Papers Set 4 Paperbacks) (Volume 3)

Heidegger and the Destruction of Aristotle: On How to Read the Tradition (Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy)

God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything

Knowledge of the Higher Worlds and Its Attainment

How to Think Like a Woman: Four Women Philosophers Who Taught Me How to Love the Life of the Mind

This Incredible Need to Believe (European Perspectives: A Series in Social Thought and Cultural Criticism)

The Atomos Blog

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

The Threshold

Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark Paper

What Does the Mind Really Mean?

The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity

Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?

Natural Function and Perceptual Content

Philosophy of Law: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

Aesthetics: An Introduction

Epistemology: An Introduction

Ethics: An Introduction

Logic: An Introduction

Metaphysics: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

The Atomos Blog

Terms & Concepts

Datum

Communism

Duhem-Quine Thesis

First-order contradiction

Coherence

Major term

Reflexive property

Fatalism

Formal fallacy

Contradiction introduction

Being

Monotheism

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