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A Must Have Book For Every Philosophy Student
Logic
November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…
History Of PhilosophyTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
November 15, 2023

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

Philosophical thought during the Enlightenment was characterized by a rejection of existing sources of authority. The broadly Aristotelean scientific worldview was undermined by a period of scientific revolution—conventionally beginning with…
History Of PhilosophyTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
November 15, 2023

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty of its subjects, Liberalism is generally traced to John Locke…
Logic
November 15, 2023

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

In the classical logics already discussed, the logical connectives are taken to be bivalent—that is, they allow of only two different truth values: true and false. One natural extension to…
Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of Philosophy
December 12, 2023

EPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including its nature and its extent, and of justification (that is, whether a belief is formed in a valid way to justify its being…
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

PHENOMENOLOGY

As originally developed by Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), phenomenology seeks to provide a detailed description of the way in which things are presented to us—that is to say, phenomena —in an…
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
November 15, 2023

NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students, whose focus is mainly or even exclusively on Western philosophical…
History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

The Classical Period in philosophy was dominated by the teachings of Plato (427–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) but gradually fell into a decline following the conquest of the independent…
Logic
November 15, 2023

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

While both the predicate calculus and the modal propositional calculus may be seen as extensions of the basic propositional calculus, there are also a variety of formal languages intended as…
History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

ATOMISM

Atomism was founded by Leucippus (who flourished around 440 BC) but was primarily elaborated by Democritus (c. 460-370 BC) as a way of reconciling the Eleatic doctrine of the impossibility…
Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
November 14, 2023

HERMENEUTICS

Originally applied to scriptural exegesis (interpretation), hermeneutics is more generally the theory and method of all “textual” interpretation. In the modern context, this refers to both verbal and non-verbal “texts”…
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGWriting Philosophy
November 19, 2023

THE ARGUMENTATIVE PAPER

Essays of assertion, affirmation, and refutation are all examples of the argumentative paper. An effective argument relies on factually true premises or premises for which you have strong support.
History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

PYTHAGOREANISM

Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

Textbooks on critical thinking and logic.

Books

  • Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry into the Value of Work

    $9.99
  • Post-Analytic Philosophy

    $46.00
  • Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny

    $17.83
  • Tao Te Ching (Arcturus Ornate Classics)

    $12.88
  • R. Saadia Gaon: A Leader of Generations (Emunot: Jewish Philosophy and Kabbalah)

    $90.08
  • Commentary on Thomas Aquinas’s Treatise on Law

    $43.99
  • El divino gobierno del reino humano

    $36.36
  • Utilitarianism (Dover Thrift Editions: Philosophy)

    $4.00
  • End Times Major Clues from Minor Prophets (Revelation Decode)

    $9.99
  • Neoliberalism, Globalization, Income Inequality, Poverty And Resistance: Neoliberalism (1)

    $34.99
  • The Substance of Consciousness: A Comprehensive Defense of Contemporary Substance Dualism

    $39.95
  • La Revolución del Espíritu: Los Paradigmas Civilizatorios (Spanish Edition)

    $12.00
  • The History of Sexuality: An Introduction

    $11.99
  • Torah im Derech Eretz: The Educational Philosophy of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch

    $26.99
  • Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters

    $9.99
  • Dawn: Thoughts on the Presumptions of Morality, Volume 5 (The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche) (V. 5)

    $106.26

Terms & Concepts

M

Moral calculus

The procedure of determining the morality of a particular case, typically in connection with deliberations about what to do. https://youtube.com/shorts/vKFQ1FO7qLI?feature=share
A

Alienation

A psychological or social ill, in which a self and other, which properly belong together, are separated. Alienation is a concept central to Marxism and denotes the result of separating…
D

Disjunctive syllogism

In symbolic logic, a valid inference in a system of truth-functional rules. This rule relies on the truth definition of the disjunction: Since a disjunction is true when at least…
C
Certainty
U
Universal quantifier
M
Metaphysics
L
Logical possibility (Logically possible statement)
R
Relations of ideas
C
Consistent
A
Analytical consequence
A
Act utilitarianism
N
Negation elimination
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