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The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…

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History Of Philosophy MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

SAINT AUGUSTINE

Like his contemporaries, Saint Augustine (354–430) was primarily influenced by Neoplatonism, and, indeed, credited Plotinus with helping him to understand Christian theology.

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 15, 2023

EMPIRICISM

Empiricism covers a range of views prioritizing experience as the primary source of knowledge. During the Early Modern Period, this view was expounded by the so-called British Empiricists—Locke, Berkeley, and…

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Writing Philosophy

November 22, 2023

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

Writing is work, and for many of us, writing is hard work. Writing philosophy adds to this labor an element of intimidation. Whether you are writing an expository—explanatory and descriptive—essay…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

A group of philosophers, cultural critics, and social scientists based around the Frankfurt (Germany) Institute for Social Research were primarily concerned with integrating philosophical analysis with then-recent results in the…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

AESTHETICS

Aesthetics is concerned with the nature of art (whether visual, literary, dramatic, or in some other medium) and the way in which art is experienced. Two principal related issues, therefore,…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY

Between the 1940s and the 1960s, analytic philosophy shifted away from investigating the (supposed) underlying logical structure of language. While it was still primarily concerned with conceptual analysis, this was…

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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 12, 2023

WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

While the focus of western philosophy has primarily been on the analysis and understanding of our most basic concepts, another important theme has been the preparation and education of man…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

PYTHAGOREANISM

Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

ATOMISM

Atomism was founded by Leucippus (who flourished around 440 BC) but was primarily elaborated by Democritus (c. 460-370 BC) as a way of reconciling the Eleatic doctrine of the impossibility…

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History Of Philosophy NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

November 15, 2023

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

The earliest indigenous African philosophy to produce written documents emerged during the seventeenth century, especially in Ethiopia. Zera Yacob (1599–1692), whose Hatata (1667) has been compared to René Descartes’ Discourse…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

EPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including its nature and its extent, and of justification (that is, whether a belief is formed in a valid way to justify its being…

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By Philosophy Student In CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

A group of philosophers, cultural critics, and social scientists based around the Frankfurt (Germany) Institute for Social Research were primarily…

Logic

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

Logic

RELEVANCE LOGICS

Logic

QUANTUM LOGIC

Logic

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

Logic

MODAL LOGIC

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

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Terms & Concepts

Incommensurability

Two scientific theories are incommensurable if there is no shared body of data or standards of evaluation by which to compare them—either because of non-overlapping domains of application, disagreement on…

Dialetheism

The view that some contradictions are actually true, this is a metaphysical thesis usually based upon the technical advantages of a paraconsistent logic for some domain. https://youtube.com/shorts/TrOrSWI4rt4?feature=share