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Between the 1940s and the 1960s, analytic philosophy shifted away from investigating the (supposed) underlying logical structure of language. While it was still primarily concerned with conceptual analysis, this was…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

PYTHAGOREANISM

Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?

How do you do philosophy? Unlike many of the questions asked in the name of philosophy, this one has a straightforward answer. You do philosophy primarily through writing. Now, if…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty of its subjects, Liberalism is generally traced to John Locke…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Kant’s philosophy continued to dominate throughout the nineteenth century, although there were increasing concerns about the overall coherence of his system; in particular, there was doubt as to whether the…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

In the classical logics already discussed, the logical connectives are taken to be bivalent—that is, they allow of only two different truth values: true and false. One natural extension to…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

There is no substitute for grappling primary sources. Nevertheless, secondary sources—including scholarly research, literary reviews, historical summaries—are valuable tools. They not only show you how you can begin thinking about…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 19, 2023

THE POSITION PAPER

A position paper may be viewed as a type of argumentative paper in that it states a claim—your position—concerning a topic, issue, or question and presents a justification for that…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

Philosophical thought during the Enlightenment was characterized by a rejection of existing sources of authority. The broadly Aristotelean scientific worldview was undermined by a period of scientific revolution—conventionally beginning with…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

WHAT PHILOSOPHY PROFESSORS WANT FROM STUDENT WRITERS

Some 2,300 years ago, Aristotle introduced the syllogism into the intellectual world. A threeelement formula, it is the elementary building block of syllogistic logic and deductive reasoning. The syllogism combines…

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

STRUCTURALISM

Structuralism refers to research undertaken in the social sciences, predominantly in France, between the 1950s and 1970s, which sought to understand various social phenomena as a “closed system” of elements.

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By Philosophy Student In CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY

STRUCTURALISM

Structuralism refers to research undertaken in the social sciences, predominantly in France, between the 1950s and 1970s, which sought to…

Logic

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

Logic

INTUITIONISM

Logic

MODAL LOGIC

Logic

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

Logic

QUANTUM LOGIC

Books

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Sleeper, Awake: 40 days of companionship for the deconstruction process (The Path of Unlearning)
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The Power of Myth
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Allegory and Philosophy in Avicenna (Ibn Sînâ): With a Translation of the Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascent to Heaven (The Middle Ages Series)
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Pensees
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Why Grow Up?: Subversive Thoughts for an Infantile Age
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Leibowitz and Levinas: Between Judaism and Universalism
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Ikigai: The Japanese Secret To A Long And Happy Life by Francesc Miralles
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Of Grammatology
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Irrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy
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Paradox Lost: Logical Solutions to Ten Puzzles of Philosophy
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Metaphysical Disputations III and IV: On Being’s Passions in General and Its Principles and On Transcendental Unity in General (Early Modern Catholic Sources)
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Siddhartha
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The Middle Way: The Emergence of Modern-Religious Trends in Nineteenth-Century Judaism Responses to Modernity in the Philosophy of Z. H. Chajes, S. R. … Vol. 1 (Studies in Orthodox Judaism)
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What We Owe to Each Other
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An Illustrated Book of Loaded Language: Learn to Hear What’s Left Unsaid (Bad Arguments)
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Leibniz’s Law

Two principles regarding identity and indiscernibility; namely, if two objects are identical,then every property of one is a property of the other (the indiscernibility of identicals); and,conversely, if two objects…

Civil rights

Rights determined by laws—such as constitutional rights. https://youtube.com/shorts/P_f-7zUBRIA?feature=share

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The position that there is a plurality (multiplicity) of (legitimate) views on an issue. https://youtube.com/shorts/BJ8jKiinOuw?feature=share

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ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

PYTHAGOREANISM

HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?

LIBERALISM

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

THE POSITION PAPER

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

WHAT PHILOSOPHY PROFESSORS WANT FROM STUDENT WRITERS

STRUCTURALISM

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Logic

Books

Sleeper, Awake: 40 days of companionship for the deconstruction process (The Path of Unlearning)

The Power of Myth

Allegory and Philosophy in Avicenna (Ibn Sînâ): With a Translation of the Book of the Prophet Muhammad’s Ascent to Heaven (The Middle Ages Series)

Pensees

Why Grow Up?: Subversive Thoughts for an Infantile Age

Leibowitz and Levinas: Between Judaism and Universalism

Ikigai: The Japanese Secret To A Long And Happy Life by Francesc Miralles

Of Grammatology

Irrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy

Paradox Lost: Logical Solutions to Ten Puzzles of Philosophy

Metaphysical Disputations III and IV: On Being’s Passions in General and Its Principles and On Transcendental Unity in General (Early Modern Catholic Sources)

Siddhartha

The Middle Way: The Emergence of Modern-Religious Trends in Nineteenth-Century Judaism Responses to Modernity in the Philosophy of Z. H. Chajes, S. R. … Vol. 1 (Studies in Orthodox Judaism)

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The Mastery of Self: A Toltec Guide to Personal Freedom (Toltec Mastery Series)

An Illustrated Book of Loaded Language: Learn to Hear What’s Left Unsaid (Bad Arguments)

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Leibniz’s Law

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Incommensurability

Categorical Imperative

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