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The analytic tradition arose partly as a rejection of Hegelian idealism in favor of what George Edward Moore (1873–1958) called a “common sense” view of the world, alongside developments in…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

WRITING IS CENTRAL TO PHILOSOPHY

For the great majority of us, writing is instrumental to thinking. Since it is reasonable to describe philosophy as the application of disciplined thought to a variety of topics, issues,…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

A comprehensive list of essential readings in the history of philosophy.

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

The philosophical system developed by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Transcendental Idealism sought to overcome the epistemological problems of Empiricism while providing a rational justification for Liberalism.

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Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy embraces the most ambitious field of inquiry—the universe, including the self and everything both physical and metaphysical. It is impossible to list all the branches of philosophy, which are…

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Writing Philosophy

November 23, 2023

GOOD PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

BASICS OF GOOD PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING: A DEEPER DIVE Having surveyed the elements of good writing from 30,000 feet, let’s swoop in on some of the most important specifics. This means…

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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 24, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS

Note: Some of these titles may be difficult to find, either in DVD format or streaming. Film Animation Animal Farm (1954)Based on George Orwell’s novel of the same name, farm…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?

How do you do philosophy? Unlike many of the questions asked in the name of philosophy, this one has a straightforward answer. You do philosophy primarily through writing. Now, if…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 15, 2023

EMPIRICISM

Empiricism covers a range of views prioritizing experience as the primary source of knowledge. During the Early Modern Period, this view was expounded by the so-called British Empiricists—Locke, Berkeley, and…

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

LOGIC

Logic is concerned with studying the inferences we make, and the formal languages developed to systematize those inferences. This includes both the proof-theories and semantics for these languages, as well…

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

A group of philosophers, cultural critics, and social scientists based around the Frankfurt (Germany) Institute for Social Research were primarily concerned with integrating philosophical analysis with then-recent results in the…

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

AESTHETICS

Aesthetics is concerned with the nature of art (whether visual, literary, dramatic, or in some other medium) and the way in which art is experienced. Two principal related issues, therefore,…

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By Philosophy Student In History Of Philosophy

THE SOPHISTS

The Sophists were not a single school but a professional grouping of largely itinerant teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and legal…

Logic

QUANTUM LOGIC

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HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

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NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

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MODAL LOGIC

Logic

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

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PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

Books

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Be Water, My Friend
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The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories (Landmark Series)
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The Communist Manifesto (A Penguin Classics Hardcover)
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Living Together: Inventing Moral Science
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Complete Works of Lao Tzu: Tao Teh Ching & Hau Hu Ching
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Common Sense
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The Critique of Pure Reason
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Buddhism Plain and Simple: The Practice of Being Aware, Right Now, Every Day
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The Guide of the Perplexed, Vol. 1
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The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements (Perennial Classics)
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Freedom from the Monkey Mind: Learn 22 activities to reduce or stop the persistent, incessant, constant, obsessive, compulsive, racing, ceaseless … Health Meditation Depression Happiness)
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All Desire Is a Desire for Being
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Speaking Being: Werner Erhard, Martin Heidegger, and a New Possibility of Being Human
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Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder (Incerto)
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Tao Te Ching
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Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Great Books in Philosophy)
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Terms & Concepts

Noncognitivism

The view that the assertions of a certain domain (usually ethics) do not express propositions but, rather, indicate the speaker’s approval or disapproval. Such assertions are neither true nor false…