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Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of reality, including the nature of the world and the entities it contains. While such an investigation inevitably overlaps with natural philosophy—the sciences, especially physics…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE SOPHISTS

The Sophists were not a single school but a professional grouping of largely itinerant teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and legal argumentation. Their importance lies not in any specific doctrines but…

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History Of Philosophy CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

ARISTOTLE

Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in Stagira but moved to Athens as a young man to study at Plato’s Academy. Following Plato’s death, Aristotle traveled, became tutor to Alexander the…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy on the Indian subcontinent between 1000 BC and the early centuries of the first millennium was comprised of six major schools of Hindu philosophy (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa,…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

The Classical Period in philosophy was dominated by the teachings of Plato (427–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) but gradually fell into a decline following the conquest of the independent…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

ETHICS

Ethics is the study of morality and can be divided into three main areas of inquiry. Descriptive ethics concerns the actual moral beliefs held by specific individuals or societies and…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 19, 2023

THE EXPOSITORY PAPER

We have already touched on the expository paper, but let’s discuss it briefly here. Look at the adjective expository. It is derived from the noun exposition, which is the noun…

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Writing Philosophy

November 21, 2023

ESSENTIAL WRITING SKILLS

Having just walked through the basic process of writing a philosophy paper, we turn now to the essential skillset you should develop and apply not only to the writing of…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

EPICUREANISM

Founded by Epicurus (341–271 BC), this eponymous philosophy is best known through the Roman poet Lucretius (mid first century BC). Like the Atomists, the Epicureans maintained that everything is made…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

EXISTENTIALISM

A broad philosophical and literary movement that flourished during the first half of the twentieth century, Existentialism emphasized the uniqueness of human experience over the generalizations of traditional scientific or…

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By Philosophy Student In History Of Philosophy

ARISTOTLE

Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in Stagira but moved to Athens as a young man to study at Plato’s Academy.…

Logic

QUANTUM LOGIC

Logic

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

Logic

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

Logic

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

Logic

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

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The Ramayana: A New Retelling of Valmiki’s Ancient Epic–Complete and Comprehensive (Tarcher Cornerstone Editions)
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The Essays: A Selection (Penguin Classics)
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Why Does the World Exist?: An Existential Detective Story
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Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing
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Introduction to Metaphysics, 2nd Edition
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Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy
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Gestures
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Being and Time
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Beyond Good & Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future
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Keeper of the Hearth: Picturing Roland Barthes’ Unseen Photograph
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El Arte de la Guerra (Spanish Edition)
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Seeing Is Forgetting the Name of the Thing One Sees: Expanded Edition
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The Kybalion: A Study of The Hermetic Philosophy of Ancient Egypt and Greece
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The Atomos Blog

Atomos

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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Atomos

Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Ad hominem argument

Literally, “to the man,” an ad hominem is an attack on the person, rather than a critical engagement with their position. Versions of the ad hominem are 1) ad hominem…

Reflective equilibrium

A method for justifying a set of beliefs by the simultaneous adjustment of initial principles and resulting theories. For instance, Nelson Goodman (1906-1998) argued that we can justify a particular…

Cogito, ergo sum

Literally, “I think, therefore I am.” This is the certainty René Descartes establishes as the foundation of his system of philosophy and as the certain foundation for knowledge even in…

Epicureanism

Inference

Tarski’s T-Schema

Feminist ethics

Logical contradiction

Analytical consequence

Conditional introduction (Conditional proof)

Contraposition by limitation

Monotheism

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METAPHYSICS

THE SOPHISTS

ARISTOTLE

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

ETHICS

THE EXPOSITORY PAPER

ESSENTIAL WRITING SKILLS

EPICUREANISM

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

EXISTENTIALISM

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The Atomos Blog

Logic

Books

A Drummers Ethos

The Ramayana: A New Retelling of Valmiki’s Ancient Epic–Complete and Comprehensive (Tarcher Cornerstone Editions)

The Essays: A Selection (Penguin Classics)

Why Does the World Exist?: An Existential Detective Story

Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing

Introduction to Metaphysics, 2nd Edition

Aristotle for Everybody: Difficult Thought Made Easy

Frege: Aufsätze zur Logik und Sprachphilosophie (Klassiker Auslegen) (German Edition)

Gestures

Being and Time

Beyond Good & Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future

Keeper of the Hearth: Picturing Roland Barthes’ Unseen Photograph

El Arte de la Guerra (Spanish Edition)

Seeing Is Forgetting the Name of the Thing One Sees: Expanded Edition

Wabi Sabi The Art of Imperfection: Discover the traditional Japanese Aesthetics and Learn How to Enjoy the Beauty of Imperfection and Live a Wabi-Sabi Lifestyle

The Kybalion: A Study of The Hermetic Philosophy of Ancient Egypt and Greece

The Atomos Blog

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

The Threshold

Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark Paper

What Does the Mind Really Mean?

The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity

Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?

Natural Function and Perceptual Content

Philosophy of Law: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

Aesthetics: An Introduction

Epistemology: An Introduction

Ethics: An Introduction

Logic: An Introduction

Metaphysics: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

The Atomos Blog

Terms & Concepts

Ad hominem argument

Reflective equilibrium

Cogito, ergo sum

Epicureanism

Inference

Tarski’s T-Schema

Feminist ethics

Logical contradiction

Analytical consequence

Conditional introduction (Conditional proof)

Contraposition by limitation

Monotheism

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