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CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

Textbooks on critical thinking and logic.
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History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…
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Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…
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Logic
November 15, 2023

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS

There are some fairly firm distinctions between critical thinking and formal (symbolic) logic texts. Whereas critical thinking focuses broadly on argumentation, formal logic is the study of the principles of…
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Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of Philosophy
December 12, 2023

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Political philosophy is at least as old as Plato (428/227 or 424/423-348/347 BC) and is concerned with the nature of the state and, more broadly, with coercive institutions, and their…
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Logic
November 15, 2023

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

While both the predicate calculus and the modal propositional calculus may be seen as extensions of the basic propositional calculus, there are also a variety of formal languages intended as…
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Logic
November 15, 2023

QUANTUM LOGIC

Most non-classical logics are motivated by either philosophical considerations, such as the metaphysical status of the future, or technical concerns about the neutrality of the logical connectives or the notion…
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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
November 15, 2023

NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students, whose focus is mainly or even exclusively on Western philosophical…
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History Of PhilosophyTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
November 15, 2023

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty of its subjects, Liberalism is generally traced to John Locke…
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History Of PhilosophyTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
November 15, 2023

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

The philosophical system developed by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Transcendental Idealism sought to overcome the epistemological problems of Empiricism while providing a rational justification for Liberalism.
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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGWriting Philosophy
November 19, 2023

THE POSITION PAPER

A position paper may be viewed as a type of argumentative paper in that it states a claim—your position—concerning a topic, issue, or question and presents a justification for that…
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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…
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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

PLATO

Plato (427–347 BC) was born into a powerful family in Athens but abandoned politics after the execution of his teacher, Socrates; he subsequently traveled, became influenced by the Pythagoreans, and…
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History Of PhilosophyTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
November 15, 2023

RATIONALISM

Rationalism designates a variety of philosophical schools maintaining that reason, as opposed to empirical investigation, is the most important method of acquiring knowledge.
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History Of PhilosophyNON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
November 15, 2023

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

As the Middle East is often called the cradle of civilization, it is also the source of some of the earliest philosophical literature. Much of it is devoted to what…
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SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed…
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Logic

Books

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    In Search Of The Miraculous (Harvest Book)

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    I Ching, the Oracle: A Practical Guide to the Book of Changes: An updated translation annotated with cultural & historical references, restoring the I Ching to its shamanic origins

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    Intimacy, Transcendence, and Psychology: Closeness and Openness in Everyday Life

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    God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything

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    Zen Flesh, Zen Bones: A Collection of Zen and Pre-Zen Writings

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    The Prophets (Perennial Classics)

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    How to Grow Old: Ancient Wisdom for the Second Half of Life

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    This Moment Is the Perfect Teacher: Ten Buddhist Teachings on Cultivating Inner Strength and Compassion

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    The Complete Strategy Collection: The Art of War, The Prince, The Book of Five Rings, On War and Arthashastra

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    American Sage: The Spiritual Teachings of Ralph Waldo Emerson

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    Primary Readings in Philosophy for Understanding Theology

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    Friedrich Nietzsche: Beyond Good and Evil, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Human, All Too Human, and The Antichrist

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    That Bird Has My Wings: The Autobiography of an Innocent Man on Death Row (Oprahs Book Club 2.0)

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    The Metaphysics (Penguin Classics)

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    The Stoic’s Guide to a Peaceful Life: A Modern Approach to Embracing Stoicism for Mental Resilience, Emotional Control, and Personal Change, Even If You’re a Beginner

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    The Transcendentalists and Their World

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Terms & Concepts

Q

Quantity

A categorical claim’s status as universal or particular. (See also Categorical proposition.) https://youtube.com/shorts/yplWkxbcRsw?feature=share
M

Modus tollens

“Mode of Denial,” the Latin name for the formal logic rule that allows the negation of the antecedent of a conditional claim from the denial of the consequent. Argument of…
S

Sublime

Aesthetic experience associated with being overwhelmed—for example, in terms of size (the mathematically sublime) or in terms of power (the dynamically sublime). For Immanuel Kant(1724-1804), this involved the sensation that…
T
Thing-in-Itself
T
Transcendental deduction
D
Deontology
O
Ordinary language
C
Category mistake
N
Natural law theory
C
Consequent
M
Monad
I
Inductive argument
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