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Philosophical thought during the Enlightenment was characterized by a rejection of existing sources of authority. The broadly Aristotelean scientific worldview was undermined by a period of scientific revolution—conventionally beginning with…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

QUANTUM LOGIC

Most non-classical logics are motivated by either philosophical considerations, such as the metaphysical status of the future, or technical concerns about the neutrality of the logical connectives or the notion…

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POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

HEGELIANISM

One common theme in post-Kantian philosophy was an attempt to overcome the remaining divisions between noumena and phenomena, and to reconcile the distinct faculties of sensibility and understanding in to…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

As the Middle East is often called the cradle of civilization, it is also the source of some of the earliest philosophical literature. Much of it is devoted to what…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

The earliest indigenous African philosophy to produce written documents emerged during the seventeenth century, especially in Ethiopia. Zera Yacob (1599–1692), whose Hatata (1667) has been compared to René Descartes’ Discourse…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

An important historical branch designation rather than a current one, natural philosophy was the study of nature and the physical universe by philosophical (that is, largely empirical reason-based) methods.

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

There is no substitute for grappling primary sources. Nevertheless, secondary sources—including scholarly research, literary reviews, historical summaries—are valuable tools. They not only show you how you can begin thinking about…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

RELEVANCE LOGICS

A relevance logic is motivated by the idea that the premises of a valid argument must be somehow “relevant” to its conclusion. The idea is motivated by the fact that…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

Textbooks on critical thinking and logic.

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Logic

November 15, 2023

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.

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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

SCHOLASTICISM

A general term for those philosophers influenced by the medieval rediscovery of classic texts, Scholasticism is broadly characterized by an interest in logic and disputation and is motivated to resolve…

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By Philosophy Student In History Of Philosophy

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that…

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MANY-VALUE LOGICS

Logic

INTUITIONISM

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HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

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NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

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MODAL LOGIC

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RELEVANCE LOGICS

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The Parent’s Tao Te Ching: Ancient Advice for Modern Parents
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Why Grow Up?: Subversive Thoughts for an Infantile Age
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On Liberty
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What the Buddha Taught: Revised and Expanded Edition with Texts from Suttas and Dhammapada
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The Trial and Death of Socrates
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Metaphysics
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Machiavelli: Selected Political Writings (Hackett Classics)
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The Rebel
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Forget Foucault, new edition (Semiotext(e) / Foreign Agents)
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The Atomos Blog

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How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Equivocation

An informal fallacy constituted by a shift in the meaning of a term from one instance to another, which prompts an erroneous inference. (See also Ambiguity.) https://youtube.com/shorts/m5W52MwGQvg?feature=share

Proof by contradiction

A proof strategy whereby a statement’s negation is proved by assuming the statement is true.This assumption leads to a contradiction, which proves the assumption is false. (See also Negation introduction…

Original position

A hypothetical situation from which individuals are best positioned to make decisions about the principles of justice that will constitute a fair society. According to John Rawls (1921-2002), this will…

Conditional introduction (Conditional proof)

Thick concept

Causation (or causality)

Reductio ad absurdum

Dao

Categorical syllogism

Disjunct

Analects

Verisimilitude

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

QUANTUM LOGIC

HEGELIANISM

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

LOGICAL ATOMISM

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

RELEVANCE LOGICS

CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

SCHOLASTICISM

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Logic

Books

Mulla Sadra and Metaphysics (Culture and Civilization in the Middle East)

Inner Engineering: A Yogi’s Guide to Joy

The Parent’s Tao Te Ching: Ancient Advice for Modern Parents

The Experience of Insight: A Simple and Direct Guide to Buddhist Meditation

The Marxification of Education: Paulo Freire’s Critical Marxism and the Theft of Education

Why Grow Up?: Subversive Thoughts for an Infantile Age

On Liberty

Transcendentalism Collection: Thoreau’s Walden, Walking & Civil Disobedience, Emerson’s Self-Reliance, Nature & The American Scholar, Bryant’s Thanatopsis, & Hawthorne’s Artist of the Beautiful

What the Buddha Taught: Revised and Expanded Edition with Texts from Suttas and Dhammapada

A Visual Theology Guide to the Bible: Seeing and Knowing God’s Word

The Trial and Death of Socrates

Metaphysics

Big Panda and Tiny Dragon Book Collection: Heartwarming Stories of Courage and Friendship for All Ages

Machiavelli: Selected Political Writings (Hackett Classics)

The Rebel

Forget Foucault, new edition (Semiotext(e) / Foreign Agents)

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How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

The Threshold

Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark Paper

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Terms & Concepts

Equivocation

Proof by contradiction

Original position

Conditional introduction (Conditional proof)

Thick concept

Causation (or causality)

Reductio ad absurdum

Dao

Categorical syllogism

Disjunct

Analects

Verisimilitude

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