LogicRELEVANCE LOGICS
November 15, 2023

RELEVANCE LOGICS

A relevance logic is motivated by the idea that the premises of a valid argument must be somehow “relevant” to its conclusion. The idea is motivated by the fact that…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTINTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS
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INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS

There are some fairly firm distinctions between critical thinking and formal (symbolic) logic texts. Whereas critical thinking focuses broadly on argumentation, formal logic is the study of the principles of…
History Of PhilosophyANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYLOGICAL POSITIVISM
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that knowledge of things-inthemselves was impossible, Comte argued that our scientific…
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONSHistory Of PhilosophyMIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS
November 15, 2023

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

As the Middle East is often called the cradle of civilization, it is also the source of some of the earliest philosophical literature. Much of it is devoted to what…
Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of PhilosophyMETAPHYSICS
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METAPHYSICS

Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of reality, including the nature of the world and the entities it contains. While such an investigation inevitably overlaps with natural philosophy—the sciences, especially physics…
CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophySTOICISM
November 15, 2023

STOICISM

Founded by Zeno of Citium (334–262 BC), early Stoicism shared many similarities with Epicureanism, including the belief that the world was largely deterministic and that the overall goal of the…
Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of PhilosophyETHICS
December 12, 2023

ETHICS

Ethics is the study of morality and can be divided into three main areas of inquiry. Descriptive ethics concerns the actual moral beliefs held by specific individuals or societies and…
History Of PhilosophyTHE ELEATIC SCHOOL
November 15, 2023

THE ELEATIC SCHOOL

Based in the Ionian colony of Elea (modern-day Velia) in southern Italy, and primarily associated with Parmenides (early fifth century BC) and Melissus of Samos (mid fifth century BC), the…
LogicPROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)
November 15, 2023

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.
History Of PhilosophyCLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY
November 15, 2023

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

The Classical Period in philosophy was dominated by the teachings of Plato (427–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) but gradually fell into a decline following the conquest of the independent…
Writing PhilosophyTHE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS
November 22, 2023

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

Writing is work, and for many of us, writing is hard work. Writing philosophy adds to this labor an element of intimidation. Whether you are writing an expository—explanatory and descriptive—essay…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTBOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS
November 27, 2023

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

This list is aimed at curating those texts that will both challenge a novice researcher, and continually reward repeated encounters as you develop your philosophical interests.
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGTHE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION
November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…
Traditional Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy BranchesAESTHETICS
December 12, 2023

AESTHETICS

Aesthetics is concerned with the nature of art (whether visual, literary, dramatic, or in some other medium) and the way in which art is experienced. Two principal related issues, therefore,…
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTPHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 23, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

Books

  • The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt

    $13.89
  • Nature and Norm: Judaism, Christianity, and the Theopolitical Problem (New Perspectives in Post-Rabbinic Judaism)

    $71.14
  • Living Like a Stoic: Cultivating Wisdom, Emotional Resilience, Positivity, Confidence, Calmness, and Meditations for Perseverance in Today’s Modern Life

    $9.99
  • Relax More, Try Less: The Easy Path to Abundance

    $14.95
  • Trauma Informed CBT: Your Guide to Free from Trauma Informed CBT|Deal with Stress, Anxiety & Face The World |Appreciate Yourself Today

    $7.99
  • The Mastery of Love: A Practical Guide to the Art of Relationship: A Toltec Wisdom Book

    $9.80
  • Letters from a Stoic (Collins Classics)

    $7.99
  • What the Buddha Taught

    $104.99
  • Anaximander: And the Birth of Science

    $11.50
  • The Book of Ichigo Ichie: The Art of Making the Most of Every Moment, the Japanese Way

    $14.99
  • Philosophy: 100 Essential Thinkers

    $28.65
  • Inward (The Inward Trilogy)

    $10.80
  • UNDERSTANDING THOMAS HOBBES: The Smart Student’s Guide to Leviathan – Parts One and Two (Philosophy Study Guides)

    $9.24
  • Gestures

    $23.00
  • Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy)

    $22.99
  • Visual Thinking

    $23.99

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Terms & Concepts

M

Mixed quantifiers

A first-order logic sentence that consists of at least one universal quantifier and at least one existential quantifier. https://youtube.com/shorts/JopUHl69U3U?feature=share
S

Subcontraries

A pair of propositions that cannot both be simultaneously false but can be simultaneously true. In categorical logic, I- and O-propositions are sub contraries. If one is false, the other…
L

Logical necessity

A sentence that is true in all possible circumstances. A sentence that is never false—that is, asentence true by its logical form and, therefore, a logical consequence of any set…
F
First principles
M
Monotheism
C
Contraposition
C
Consequent
A
Act utilitarianism
T
Truth-functional connective
E
Ex contradictione quodlibet
I
Idealism
M
Material conditional
View All