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By In CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

STOICISM

Founded by Zeno of Citium (334–262 BC), early Stoicism shared many similarities with Epicureanism, including the belief that the world…
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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

STRUCTURALISM

Structuralism refers to research undertaken in the social sciences, predominantly in France, between the 1950s and 1970s, which sought to understand various social phenomena as a “closed system” of elements.
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Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of Philosophy
December 12, 2023

LOGIC

Logic is concerned with studying the inferences we make, and the formal languages developed to systematize those inferences. This includes both the proof-theories and semantics for these languages, as well…
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History Of PhilosophyMEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
November 15, 2023

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

The Medieval Period is usually dated between the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476)and the beginning of the Renaissance (c. 1300). In terms of philosophy, the period begins inthe…
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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

CYNICISM

Founded by Antisthenes (c. 445–360 BC), who taught the importance of individual virtue over material luxury, Cynicism was contemptuous of political institutions and organized religion. It rejected refined philosophical speculation…
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History Of PhilosophyTHE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
November 15, 2023

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

The philosophical system developed by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Transcendental Idealism sought to overcome the epistemological problems of Empiricism while providing a rational justification for Liberalism.
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Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…
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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that knowledge of things-inthemselves was impossible, Comte argued that our scientific…
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Logic
November 15, 2023

MODAL LOGIC

A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…
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Logic
November 15, 2023

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

In the classical logics already discussed, the logical connectives are taken to be bivalent—that is, they allow of only two different truth values: true and false. One natural extension to…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

As with developing any skill, learning to write philosophically takes practice. Here are some links to academic sites, along with several style guides, to aid you.
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

This list is aimed at curating those texts that will both challenge a novice researcher, and continually reward repeated encounters as you develop your philosophical interests.
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Logic
November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…
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Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…
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Logic
November 15, 2023

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

¬ one-place logical connective read as “not” or as “is not the case” ~ alternative notation for “not” & two-place logical connective read as “and” ˄ and
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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?
November 12, 2023

WHAT IS THE “SUBJECT MATTER” OF PHILOSOPHY

“There is a common misunderstanding that philosophy—like chemistry or history—has a content to offer, a content that a teacher is to teach and a student is to learn,” writes Professor…
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By In History Of Philosophy

THOMISM

A school of thought based on the work of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Thomism is, like Scholasticism, principally concerned with…
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Logic

Books

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    Walden: or, Life in the Woods

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    On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life (Hackett Classics)

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    Ethics (Penguin Classics)

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    Lessons from an American Stoic: How Emerson Can Change Your Life

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    Becoming Nobody: The Essential Ram Dass Collection

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    The Development of Logic

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    The Impact of Identity: The Power of Knowing Who You Are

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    Avatar: The Last Airbender and Philosophy: Wisdom from Aang to Zuko (The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series)

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    The Socratic Way Of Questioning: How To Use Socrates’ Method To Discover The Truth And Argue Wisely (Critical Thinking & Logic Mastery)

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    The Personalism of Edith Stein: A Synthesis of Thomism and Phenomenology (Studies in the Carmelite Tradition)

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    El divino gobierno del reino humano

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    Why I Am a Hindu

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    The Ramayana: A New Retelling of Valmiki’s Ancient Epic–Complete and Comprehensive (Tarcher Cornerstone Editions)

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    A Year of Living Your Yoga: Daily Practices to Shape Your Life

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    Thinking from A to Z

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    Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry Into the Value of Work

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Terms & Concepts

E

Epicureanism

Epicurus’s view that a life of moderate pleasures and the avoidance of pain (mentaldisturbance) is the goal of happy human existence. https://youtube.com/shorts/ObjH6Z7tsHQ?feature=share
S

Self-contradictory

Said of a statement that conflicts with it self and is, therefore, always false. https://youtube.com/shorts/1lqh2d2222g?feature=share
M

Moral luck

The idea that at least some actions depend in part on luck or chance. https://youtube.com/shorts/yTXdtdFlS30?feature=share
A
Analytic philosophy
L
Logical validity
E
Existential introduction
V
Valid argument
C
Consequentialism
I
Immaterialism
M
Monotheism
F
First-order logic
W
Weak argument
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