PRAGMATISM
Pragmatism was a philosophical movement in the United States concerned with the relationship between abstract theory and practical activity, and with the value of philosophical reflection.
POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Kant’s philosophy continued to dominate throughout the nineteenth century, although there were increasing concerns about the overall coherence of his…
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QUANTUM LOGIC
QUANTUM LOGIC
Most non-classical logics are motivated by either philosophical considerations, such as the metaphysical status of the future, or technical concerns about the neutrality of the logical connectives or the notion…
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
An important historical branch designation rather than a current one, natural philosophy was the study of nature and the physical universe by philosophical (that is, largely empirical reason-based) methods.
INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS
INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS
There is no substitute for grappling primary sources. Nevertheless, secondary sources—including scholarly research, literary reviews, historical summaries—are valuable tools. They not only show you how you can begin thinking about…
ETHICS
ETHICS
Ethics is the study of morality and can be divided into three main areas of inquiry. Descriptive ethics concerns the actual moral beliefs held by specific individuals or societies and…
THOMISM
THOMISM
A school of thought based on the work of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Thomism is, like Scholasticism, principally concerned with metaphysics and understanding the attributes of God.
GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
As with developing any skill, learning to write philosophically takes practice. Here are some links to academic sites, along with several style guides, to aid you.
INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS
INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS
There are some fairly firm distinctions between critical thinking and formal (symbolic) logic texts. Whereas critical thinking focuses broadly on argumentation, formal logic is the study of the principles of…
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students, whose focus is mainly or even exclusively on Western philosophical…
PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA
PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA
The dominant philosophical traditions in this part of the world began in Ancient China from the sixth century to 221 BC, which saw the development of China’s great philosophical movements…
LOGIC
LOGIC
Logic is concerned with studying the inferences we make, and the formal languages developed to systematize those inferences. This includes both the proof-theories and semantics for these languages, as well…
PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)
PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)
The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
While the focus of western philosophy has primarily been on the analysis and understanding of our most basic concepts, another important theme has been the preparation and education of man…
ESSENTIAL WRITING SKILLS
ESSENTIAL WRITING SKILLS
Having just walked through the basic process of writing a philosophy paper, we turn now to the essential skillset you should develop and apply not only to the writing of…
PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)
PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)
The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…
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Discipline Is Destiny: The Power of Self-Control (The Stoic Virtues Series)
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Stillness Is the Key
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Right Thing, Right Now: Justice in an Unjust World (The Stoic Virtues Series)
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How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius
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Letters from a Stoic: Penguin Classics
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All Life Is Problem Solving
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Supporting Modern Teaching in Islamic Schools: Pedagogical Best Practice for Teachers
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Radical Love: From Separation to Connection with the Earth, Each Other, and Ourselves
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The Essential Augustine (Hackett Classics)
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We Are Not Alone: A Maimonidean Theology of the Other
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Forget Foucault, new edition (Semiotext(e) / Foreign Agents)
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The Opening of Hegel’s Logic: From Being to Infinity (History of Philosophy Series)
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Old Path White Clouds: Walking in the Footsteps of the Buddha
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Essays in Humanism
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Everyday Ubuntu: Living Better Together, the African Way
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The Varieties of Religious Experience
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The Philosophy Book: Big Ideas Simply Explained (DK Big Ideas)
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Avicenna’s Al-Shifa’: Oriental Philosophy (Routledge Studies in Islamic Philosophy)
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Meditations: The Philosophy Classic (Capstone Classics)
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A Terribly Serious Adventure: Philosophy and War at Oxford, 1900-1960
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Integralism: A Manual of Political Philosophy
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The Atomos Blog
Natural Function and Perceptual Content
Natural Function and Perceptual Content
Natural Function and Perceptual Content
Natural Function and Perceptual Content
Philosophy of Law: An Introduction
Philosophy of Law: An Introduction
Philosophy of Science: An Introduction
Philosophy of Science: An Introduction
Aesthetics: An Introduction
Aesthetics: An Introduction
Epistemology: An Introduction
Epistemology: An Introduction
Ethics: An Introduction
Ethics: An Introduction
Logic: An Introduction
Logic: An Introduction
Metaphysics: An Introduction
Metaphysics: An Introduction
Philosophy of History: An Introduction
Philosophy of History: An Introduction
Philosophy of Language: An Introduction
Philosophy of Language: An Introduction
Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction
Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction
Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction
Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction
Political and Social Philosophy: An Introduction
Political and Social Philosophy: An Introduction
Environmental Philosophy: An Introduction
Environmental Philosophy: An Introduction
Existentialism and Phenomenology: An Introduction
Existentialism and Phenomenology: An Introduction
Philosophy of Language: An Introduction
Philosophy of Language: An Introduction
Terms & Concepts
Logical equivalence (logically equivalent statements)
Two statements are logically equivalent if they have the same truth values in all possible circumstances. It is never the case that one of the statements is true while the…
Begging the question
An informal fallacy, begging the question occurs when the arguer assumes the very claim they intend to prove. For instance: “God exists because the Bible, which comes from God, says…
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