History Of Philosophy

Because Western philosophy has proved most globally pervasive and has created a remarkably contiguous record—a genuine dialogue among philosophers over the centuries —our concise historical overview focuses on the Western tradition and reviews Middle Eastern, Indian, East Asian, and African philosophies only briefly. This is not intended as a cultural or intellectual value judgment but, rather, reflects the focus of philosophy as it is most frequently created, studied, and taught in universities worldwide. Since this book is intended chiefly for the undergraduate-level philosophy student, the Western focus is a pragmatic choice. It is recommended that this brief history be read in conjunction with consulting the frequently used philosophical terms and concepts in Chapter 11 and the philosopher biographies in Chapter 12, both of which include many entries concerning non-Western philosophies.

PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA

PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA

The dominant philosophical traditions…
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy on the Indian…
MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

As the Middle East…
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

As explained at the…
LOGICAL POSITIVISM

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Originally founded by Auguste…
LOGICAL ATOMISM

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with…
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The analytic tradition arose…
STRUCTURALISM

STRUCTURALISM

Structuralism refers to research…
THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

A group of philosophers,…
EXISTENTIALISM

EXISTENTIALISM

A broad philosophical and…
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

While the focus of…
PRAGMATISM

PRAGMATISM

Pragmatism was a philosophical…
UTILITARIANISM

UTILITARIANISM

The French Revolution sparked…
POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Kant’s philosophy continued to…
TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

The philosophical system developed…
LIBERALISM

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose…
EMPIRICISM

EMPIRICISM

Empiricism covers a range…
THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

Philosophical thought during the…
THOMISM

THOMISM

A school of thought…
SCHOLASTICISM

SCHOLASTICISM

A general term for…
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

The Medieval Period is…
STOICISM

STOICISM

Founded by Zeno of…
EPICUREANISM

EPICUREANISM

Founded by Epicurus (341–271…
CYNICISM

CYNICISM

Founded by Antisthenes (c.…
ARISTOTLE

ARISTOTLE

Aristotle (384–322 BC) was…
PLATO

PLATO

Plato (427–347 BC) was…
CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

The Classical Period in…
ATOMISM

ATOMISM

Atomism was founded by…
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL

THE ELEATIC SCHOOL

Based in the Ionian…
PYTHAGOREANISM

PYTHAGOREANISM

Based on the teachings…
THE PRE-SOCRATICS

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western…