Because Western philosophy has proved most globally pervasive and has created a remarkably contiguous record—a genuine dialogue among philosophers over the centuries —our concise historical overview focuses on the Western tradition and reviews Middle Eastern, Indian, East Asian, and African philosophies only briefly. This is not intended as a cultural or intellectual value judgment but, rather, reflects the focus of philosophy as it is most frequently created, studied, and taught in universities worldwide. Since this book is intended chiefly for the undergraduate-level philosophy student, the Western focus is a pragmatic choice. It is recommended that this brief history be read in conjunction with consulting the frequently used philosophical terms and concepts in Chapter 11 and the philosopher biographies in Chapter 12, both of which include many entries concerning non-Western philosophies.

AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY
LOGICAL POSITIVISM
LOGICAL ATOMISM
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
STRUCTURALISM
THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL
EXISTENTIALISM

PHENOMENOLOGY
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
PRAGMATISM
UTILITARIANISM

HEGELIANISM
POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM
LIBERALISM
EMPIRICISM

RATIONALISM

SAINT AUGUSTINE

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)
