As with developing any skill, learning to write philosophically takes practice. Below are some links to academic sites, along with several style guides, to aid you.
https://philosophy.fas.harvard.edu/files/phildept/files/brief_guide_to_writing_philosophy_paper.pdf
Harvard’s Writing Center provides an in-depth discussion and guide to philosophical writing, specifically the writing of philosophy papers.
http://www.jimpryor.net/teaching/guidelines/writing.html
Pryor’s guide has been referenced or copied by a number of philosophy department sites. It provides excellent advice on philosophical writing.
https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/argument/
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill’s Writing Center provides guidance on a crucial feature of philosophical writing: constructing and analyzing arguments.
https://www.kent.ac.uk/learning/documents/student-support/value-map/valuemap1516/constructinganargument311015alg.pdf
University of Kent’s Student Learning Advisory Service provides a handout that answers the question, “What is an argument?”
The following are excellent guides to writing philosophy papers:
Department of Philosophy, Oregon State University, Writing Philosophy Papers: A Student Guide (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendal/Hunt Publishing Company, 1997).
Joel Feinberg, Doing Philosophy: A Guide to the Writing of Philosophy Papers, 5th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2014).
Anthony J. Graybosch, Gregory M. Scott, and Stephen M, Garrison, Philosophy Student Writer’s Manual and Reader’s Guide (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018)
M. Andrew Holowchak, Critical Reasoning & Philosophy: A Concise Guide to Reading, Evaluating, and Writing Philosophical Works, 2d. ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2011)
Zachary Seech, Writing Philosophy Papers, 5th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2009)
William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, Fourth Edition (New York: Pearson, 1999).
Anthony Weston, A Rulebook for Arguments (Indianapolis: Hackett. 2017). If you want a quick reference to the Latin names for the most common fallacies, see “Fallacies in Latin,”