The Church-Turing Thesis states the extensional equivalence of several different methods of formalizing the notion of computability (for example, any general recursive function can be computed by a Turing Machine)…
In quantifier logic, one quantified statement can be substituted for another that is logically equivalent to the original. A universally quantified statement is equivalent to an existentially quantified statement (and…
That which is beyond doubt, but not merely psychologically. Philosophical certainty involves finding no reasons for doubt. https://youtube.com/shorts/xUfPj_m2YUc?feature=share
That which is self-caused, or whose essence includes existence—that is, necessary existence. Often said of God. https://youtube.com/shorts/EEOqd4SHkpA?feature=share
One event (cause) brings about another event (effect). Causes and effects are considered lawlike natural events https://youtube.com/shorts/lnczRqSkCgo?feature=share
The theory that sensations and ideas are caused by physical things acting upon our organs of sense. https://youtube.com/shorts/neBGV0mB2A0?feature=share
The theory of mind that mind and body causally interact: mental events cause bodily events, and vice versa. https://youtube.com/shorts/2yd0pzNO4Q0?feature=share